Скачать презентацию The international character of water governance Arjen Y Скачать презентацию The international character of water governance Arjen Y

863c1e911653b5db3bbf4e951c0a3c06.ppt

  • Количество слайдов: 24

The international character of water governance Arjen Y. Hoekstra University of Twente www. waterfootprint. The international character of water governance Arjen Y. Hoekstra University of Twente www. waterfootprint. org

Globalization of water Production Water consumption and pollution related to production for export; water Globalization of water Production Water consumption and pollution related to production for export; water is not factored into the price of traded commodities TRADE Trade Consumption Water saving, but also water dependency

Production chain cotton Production chain cotton

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008] [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (blue water) [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008] Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (blue water) [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Former Aral Sea, Central Asia 2008 1989 Cotton for export an international water pricing Former Aral Sea, Central Asia 2008 1989 Cotton for export an international water pricing protocol? ► product labeling? ►

Water footprint of a Coke Water footprint of a 0. 5 litre PET-bottle coke Water footprint of a Coke Water footprint of a 0. 5 litre PET-bottle coke as produced in the Dongen factory, the Netherlands 0. 44 litre water content 27. 6 litre for sugar 5. 3 litre for PET bottle and closure 3. 0 litre for other ingredients & overheads __________ 36 litre total industry certification? ► water disclosure? ►

The total water footprint of a consumer in NL ► about 2% of the The total water footprint of a consumer in NL ► about 2% of the water footprint is at home. 26 litre/day (32% blue, 68% grey) ► about 98% of the water footprint is ‘invisible’, it is related to the products consumers buy in the supermarket. 3448 litre/day for agricultural products 541 litre/day for industrial products ► about 95% of NL’s water footprint lies abroad. [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

Global water footprint of Dutch consumption soybean 95% of the water footprint is outside Global water footprint of Dutch consumption soybean 95% of the water footprint is outside its own borders [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

Water footprint of national consumption Global average water footprint a Kyoto protocol for water? Water footprint of national consumption Global average water footprint a Kyoto protocol for water? ► global water footprint reduction targets? ► [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

National virtual water balances ► WTO trade rules? [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] National virtual water balances ► WTO trade rules? [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

Annual average monthly blue water scarcity Number of months with blue water scarcity > Annual average monthly blue water scarcity Number of months with blue water scarcity > 100% an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights? ► [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011]

Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre] Car driving on bio -ethanol from Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre] Car driving on bio -ethanol from sugar beet: 40 -210 litre/km coherent energywater strategies? ► [Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2009]

International water governance ► product labeling? ► certification of industries? ► water disclosure? ► International water governance ► product labeling? ► certification of industries? ► water disclosure? ► global water footprint reduction targets? ► a Kyoto protocol on water? ► WTO trade rules? ► an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights? ► coherent energy-water strategies?

The water footprint of a product Green water footprint ► volume of rainwater evaporated The water footprint of a product Green water footprint ► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product. Blue water footprint ► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated, incorporated into product or returned to other catchment or the sea. Grey water footprint ► volume of polluted water.

Global water footprint by color [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] Global water footprint by color [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

Global water footprint by sector [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] Global water footprint by sector [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

National water use accounting framework Internal water footprint + External water footprint + + National water use accounting framework Internal water footprint + External water footprint + + Water use for export + Production The traditional statistics on water use, but then limited to withdrawals Virtual water import for reexport Virtual water export = = + Consumption + Virtual water import Import = WF within nation = WF of national consumpt. = = Virtual water budget Export

Water footprint (Gm 3/year) from the perspective of production from the perspective of consumption Water footprint (Gm 3/year) from the perspective of production from the perspective of consumption Egypt 69 95 Jordan 1. 4 8. 3 Japan 42 175 Germany 58 117 Netherlands 5. 8 23 UK 29 75 China 1207 1368 India 1182 1145 Australia 137 45 Canada 161 72 USA 1053 821 Traditional statistics on water use, but then restricted to water withdrawal WF within a nation WF of national consumption [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]

Virtual water transfers in China 52 Gm 3/yr [Ma et al. , 2006; Hoekstra Virtual water transfers in China 52 Gm 3/yr [Ma et al. , 2006; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Virtual water flows India [Kampman et al. , 2008] Virtual water flows India [Kampman et al. , 2008]

Blue water footprint Blue water availability Blue water scarcity [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011] Blue water footprint Blue water availability Blue water scarcity [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011]