863c1e911653b5db3bbf4e951c0a3c06.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 24
The international character of water governance Arjen Y. Hoekstra University of Twente www. waterfootprint. org
Globalization of water Production Water consumption and pollution related to production for export; water is not factored into the price of traded commodities TRADE Trade Consumption Water saving, but also water dependency
Production chain cotton
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (blue water) [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
Former Aral Sea, Central Asia 2008 1989 Cotton for export an international water pricing protocol? ► product labeling? ►
Water footprint of a Coke Water footprint of a 0. 5 litre PET-bottle coke as produced in the Dongen factory, the Netherlands 0. 44 litre water content 27. 6 litre for sugar 5. 3 litre for PET bottle and closure 3. 0 litre for other ingredients & overheads __________ 36 litre total industry certification? ► water disclosure? ►
The total water footprint of a consumer in NL ► about 2% of the water footprint is at home. 26 litre/day (32% blue, 68% grey) ► about 98% of the water footprint is ‘invisible’, it is related to the products consumers buy in the supermarket. 3448 litre/day for agricultural products 541 litre/day for industrial products ► about 95% of NL’s water footprint lies abroad. [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
Global water footprint of Dutch consumption soybean 95% of the water footprint is outside its own borders [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
Water footprint of national consumption Global average water footprint a Kyoto protocol for water? ► global water footprint reduction targets? ► [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
National virtual water balances ► WTO trade rules? [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
Annual average monthly blue water scarcity Number of months with blue water scarcity > 100% an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights? ► [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011]
Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre] Car driving on bio -ethanol from sugar beet: 40 -210 litre/km coherent energywater strategies? ► [Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2009]
International water governance ► product labeling? ► certification of industries? ► water disclosure? ► global water footprint reduction targets? ► a Kyoto protocol on water? ► WTO trade rules? ► an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights? ► coherent energy-water strategies?
The water footprint of a product Green water footprint ► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product. Blue water footprint ► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated, incorporated into product or returned to other catchment or the sea. Grey water footprint ► volume of polluted water.
Global water footprint by color [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
Global water footprint by sector [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
National water use accounting framework Internal water footprint + External water footprint + + Water use for export + Production The traditional statistics on water use, but then limited to withdrawals Virtual water import for reexport Virtual water export = = + Consumption + Virtual water import Import = WF within nation = WF of national consumpt. = = Virtual water budget Export
Water footprint (Gm 3/year) from the perspective of production from the perspective of consumption Egypt 69 95 Jordan 1. 4 8. 3 Japan 42 175 Germany 58 117 Netherlands 5. 8 23 UK 29 75 China 1207 1368 India 1182 1145 Australia 137 45 Canada 161 72 USA 1053 821 Traditional statistics on water use, but then restricted to water withdrawal WF within a nation WF of national consumption [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
Virtual water transfers in China 52 Gm 3/yr [Ma et al. , 2006; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
Virtual water flows India [Kampman et al. , 2008]
Blue water footprint Blue water availability Blue water scarcity [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011]