The Importance of Refereed Publications to Research and Education: A Personal Experience Presentation at the Consortium on Core Electronic Resources in Taiwan (CONCERT) James M. Tien, Ph. D. , NAE Yamada Corporation Professor Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute November 16, 2006
Outline • About My Career • About Publications • About My Research • About Taiwan • Concluding Remarks 2
About My Career: Education • 9/62‑ 6/66 B. E. E. , Electrical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) • 9/66‑ 9/67 S. M. , Electrical & Systems Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) • 9/69‑ 6/70 E. E. , Electrical & Systems Engineering, MIT • 9/70‑ 6/72 Ph. D. , Systems Engineering & Operations Research, MIT Ø From An Electrical Engineer To A Systems Engineer To An Information and Decision Systems Engineer: Publications Have Served As A Resource and As A Repository For Educational Projects and Theses 3
About My Career: Industrial • 6/66‑ 9/69 Member of Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories (6/66‑ 9/67, Bell Labs Fellow; 9/67‑ 9/69, Full-Time) • 6/70‑ 9/73 Researcher/Project Director, The Rand Corporation (6/70‑ 6/72, Consultant; 6/72‑ 9/73, Full. Time) • 9/73‑ 3/75 Senior Scientist/Area Director, Urban Systems Research & Engineering • 3/75‑Pres Vice President and Principal, Structured Decisions Corporation Ø Building On Content of Existing Publications, Authored Or Co-Authored At Least One Paper Per Major Project 4
About My Career: Academic • 9/69‑ 6/72 Teaching Assistant/Instructor, MIT • 9/73‑ 6/77 Visiting Lecturer (Part-Time), MIT • 7/77 -6/81 Associate Professor, Electrical Computer & Systems Engineering (ECSE), RPI • 7/81 -6/87 Associate Professor (with Tenure), ECSE, RPI • 9/86 -8/87 Acting Department Head, ECSE, RPI • 7/87 -Pres. Professor, ECSE, RPI • 7/88 -Pres. Professor and Chair, Decision Sciences & Engineering Systems (DSES), RPI • 8/92 -6/94 Acting Dean, School of Engineering, RPI • 4/98 -10/99 Acting Dean, School of Engineering, RPI • 11/02 -Pres. Yamada Corporation Professor Ø Building On Content of Existing Publications, Authored Or Co-Authored At Least Four Papers Per Year 5
About My Career: Volunteer In Professional Organizations, Esp. IEEE (In Red) Members (1966 – Present) Board of Directors (2001 – 2004) Executive Director & Staff Publication (1987 – Present) Technical (1983 – Present) Educational (2003 – Present) Ex. Com (2001 – 2004) & Other Committees (1990 – Present) Regional (1986 – Present) Standards Association IEEE-USA (1989 – Present) 6
About My Career: Publications’ Impact • • • Ø 1991 1993 1998 2000 2001 2002 Fellow, IEEE American Society for Engineering Education Centennial Award IEEE/SMC Joseph G. Wohl Outstanding Career Award IEEE Third Millennium Medal IEEE Major Educational Innovation Award Elected to US National Academy of Engineering Fellow, Institute for Operations Research and Management Science 2002 Yamada Corporation Professor, RPI 2004 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science 2004 IEEE Norbert Wiener Award 2005 IBM Faculty Award 2 Edited Books, 121 Refereed Publications, & 124 Other Articles/Editorials (Especially in IEEE Publication Venues) Have Contributed Significantly to My Above Recognitions 7
About Publications: From Data To Wisdom INFORMATION DATA Operational Tactical KNOWLEDGE Strategic WISDOM Systemic Publications Process Data Into Information/Knowledge/Wisdom · Data: Basic observation; measurements, transactions, etc. · Information: Processed data; derivations, groupings, patterns, etc. · Knowledge: Processed information plus experiences, beliefs, values, culture; explicit, tacit/conscious, unconscious. · Wisdom: Processed knowledge plus insight and assessment over time and space; theories, etc. Ø TODAY: We Are In A Data Rich, Information Poor (DRIP) – Not Knowledge – Economy Ø NOTE: Google Searches Yield Data; Publications Yield Information/Knowledge/Wisdom 8
About Publications: From Text To Multimedia • Conference Proceedings • Journals/Transactions • Monographs/Books • Standards • Electronic Library • Multimedia Educational Courses 9
About Publications: IEEE Expert Now Course Modules • Consistent Graphical User Interface • Template-Driven Course Design • Links to External Resources • Consistent Look & Feel • Engaging, Interactive Animations • Offers Prestigious IEEE Continuing Education Units (CEUs) Professional Engineers, Faculty and Students Need To Update Their Knowledge Through Educational Modules • 10
About Publications: IEEE Xplore Platform More than 1. 2 million articles l Over 5 million downloads a month l 11
About Publications: Impacts • Publisher Impacts: Ø Commercial (Increasingly Employ “Paid” Reviewers) Ø Professional Organizations (Employ Volunteer Reviewers) Ø Company or Self-Publishing (None To Extensive Reviews) • Research Impacts: Publications Inform Research; In Turn, Published Findings Add To Research Knowledge • Educational Impacts: Publications Inform Education; In Turn, Published Research Findings Add To Educational Knowledge • Other Impacts: Promotions/Tenures, Research Funding, Awards, Patents, Graduate Student/Post-Doc Applications 12
About Publications: IEEE Scope · National Academy of Engineering’s top 20 engineering achievements in the 20 th Century: 1. Electrification* 11. Highways 2. Automobile* 12. Spacecraft* 3. Airplane* 13. Internet* 4. Water Supply and Distribution 14. Imaging* 5. Electronics* 15. Household Appliances* 6. Radio and Television* 16. Health Technologies 7. Agricultural Mechanization 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical 8. Computers* 18. Laser and Fiber Optics* 9. Telephone* 19. Nuclear Technologies 10. Air Conditioning/Refrigeration* 20. High-Performance Materials * 13 of Top 20 Achievements Within IEEE Scope! · Possible additional achievements in the early 21 st Century: 21. Information Technology* 22. Nanotechnology (Nanomaterials, Nanotubes, Nanoelectronics)* 23. “Technobiology” (Bioinformatics, DNA Chips, Body Parts)* * All 3 Additional Achievements Also Within IEEE Scope! 13
About Publications: Peer Review • • Background: Peer Review Began With 1665’s Publication of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Purpose (Based On Personal Experience As An IEEE Editor And Reviewer From 1977 To Present): Ø Provide Feedback to Authors Ø Improve Manuscript Ø Ensure Quality, Relevance and Timeliness Ø Avoid Misconduct (Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication, Duplication) Ø Assess Readership’s Interest in Manuscript Process: Ø Open (Authors/Reviewers Known To Each Other) Versus Closed (Anonymous Reviewers or Double Blind Reviews) Ø Paid Versus Unpaid Reviewer While Not Perfect, Peer Review Remains The Most Successful Approach And Has Withstood The Test of Time 14
About Publications: Electronic Review • For Open-Access Journals (E. G. , 60 Titles in Bio. Med Central), Possible 2 -Step Peer Review: Ø 1. Reviewing: Open Peer Community Blog Type Discussion Ø 2. Refereeing: Anonymous Expert Review of Revised Submission • Possible Continuous Review/Comments Following “Publication” – Problem Is To Identify Definitive/Archival Version • Possible Automated Assessment of Journal Quality, Based On: Ø Submission Rate Ø Publication Rate Ø Citation Rate Ø Access Or Usage Rate Ø Time Between Submission and Publication Ø Journal Impact Factor Ø While Helpful in Some Respects (E. G. , Plagiarism Detection), Electronic Review May Facilitate Other Inappropriate Actions (E. G. , Easy Saving/Accessing Unpublished But Reviewed Manuscript) 15
About Publications: Impact Measures • • • Ø Journal Impact Factor: Ø Based on Journal Citation Report (JCR), a product of Thomson’s Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Ø It provides a means for ranking, evaluating, categorizing, and comparing journals Ø It measures the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period Annual Researcher Productivity Is Sometimes: Ø Based On Article Citation Ø Weighted By Journal Impact Factor Ø Normalized By Number of Authors Problem With Above Researcher Productivity Measure: Ø Article Citation Is Oblivious About “Who, Why and How” Ø Journal Impact Factor Is Highly Variable From Year-to-Year Ø It Emphasizes Short Term Productivity And Frequent Publications Ø It Discourages Collaborative Efforts And Multiply-Authored Publications Although Helpful in Several Respects, Publication-Based Measures Of Researcher Productivity Should Be Employed With Caution; A Multi. Criteria Approach Would Be More Appropriate And Valid 16
About My Research: From Agriculture To Services Stages in A Nation’s Economic Development Characteristics Mechanical Electrical Information • Economic Focus Agriculture; Manufacturing; Services Mining Construction • Underlying Mechanical Electromechanical Information/ Technology Tools Machines Communication • Productivity Focus Farming Factory Knowledge • Human Power Muscle/Brain • Living Standard Subsistence Quality of Goods Quality of Life • Impact Scope Family Nation World • Onset in U. S. Late 1700 s Late 1800 s Late 1900 s 17
About My Research: U. S. Employment, 2004 Industries Employment (M) Percent Trade, Transportation & Utilities 26. 1 M 19. 0% Professional & Business 17. 2 12. 6 Health Care 14. 8 10. 8 Leisure & Hospitality 13. 0 9. 5 Education 13. 0 9. 5 Government (Except Education) 11. 7 8. 5 Finance, Insurance & Real Estate 8. 3 6. 1 Information & Telecommunication 3. 1 2. 2 Other 5. 4 3. 9 112. 6 82. 1 14. 3 10. 3 Construction 7. 5 5. 5 Agriculture 2. 2 1. 6 Mining 0. 7 0. 5 24. 7 17. 9 137. 3 100. 0 SERVICES SECTOR Manufacturing GOODS SECTOR TOTAL 18
About My Research: Services Versus Manufacturing FOCUS SERVICES PRODUCTS Production Co-Produced Pre-Produced Variability Heterogeneous Identical Physicality Intangible Tangible Product Perishable Inventoryable Objective Personalizable Reliable Satisfaction Expectation-Related Utility-Related Life Cycle Reusable Recyclable OVERALL CHIPPER PITIRUR 19
About My Research: From Traditional To Electronic Services Commerce In Services Issue Traditional Electronic • Co-Production Medium Physical Electronic • Availability Working Hours Anytime • Access Specific Location Anywhere • Market Area Regional Worldwide • Labor Requirement High Low • Inventory Requirement High Low • Self-Service Requirement Low High • Transaction Speed Requirement Low • Computing Requirement High Low High 20
About My Research: From Steady State To Real. Time – Towards Decision Informatics Multiple Data Sources Abstracted Information FUSION/ANALYSIS Real-Time Decision MODELING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING • Disciplinary Core: 1) Data Fusion/Analysis; 2) Decision Modeling; 3) Systems Engineering • Applications Core: 4) Global Services; 5) Global Manufacturing. • Decision Informatics: A problem solving paradigm that is decision-driven, information-based, real-time, human-centered, and computationally-intensive – especially relevant for electronic services 21
About My Research: Degrees of Customization • Customization: Meeting the needs of a customer market that is partitioned into an appropriate number of segments, each with similar needs, e. g. , Amazon. com’s book recommendations • Mass Customization: Meeting the needs of a segmented customer market, with each segment being a single individual, e. g. , tailor who delivers a uniquely fitted jacket • Real-Time Mass Customization: Meeting the needs of an individualized customer market on a real-time basis, e. g. , tailor who delivers a uniquely fitted jacket within a reasonable period while the individual is waiting 22
About My Research: Back To The Future U. S. Onset Period Goods Types Customization Level Services Type Customization Level Late 1700 s Minimal Mass Customized Late 1800 s Few Mass Produced Few Standardized Late 1900 s Many Partially Customized Early 2000 s Partially Mass Customized Many Partially Mass Customized Real-Time Mass Customized Infinite Real-Time Mass Customized Many Mid 2000 s Infinite 23
About My Research: An Insightful Research Matrix For Both Services And Manufacturing DEMAND SUPPLY Given 1. No Management (NM) Price Established At Point Where Given Demand Matches Given Supply 2. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Inventory Control Flexible Production Scheduling Distribution Planning Capacity Rationing Reverse Auction Flexible 3. Demand Chain Management (DCM) Revenue Management Dynamic Pricing Expectation Management Target Marketing Auction 4. Real-Time Customized Management (RTCM) Customized Bundling Customized Revenue Management Customized Pricing Customized Modularization Customized Co-Production Systems 24
About Taiwan: Initiative In Services Guidelines and Action Plans for Service Industry Development Create value added and heighten employment effect through Service, Market, Inno-Value, Life, Employment (SMILE) Council for Economic Planning and Development Executive Yuan, R. O. C. Approved by the 2914 th Cabinet Meeting of the Executive Yuan on Nov. 10, 2004
About Taiwan: A Leader In Services Country Australia China 49 India 60 Indonesia Japan Malaysia Philippines Russia Taiwan Thailand USA 2 WORLD Agriculture Other Goods 4% 22 17 46 5 15 36 10 6 49 16 42 21% 29 Services 75% 23 12 28 36 16 22 36 14 42 67 49 48 68 58 37 82 21 37 Source: World Factbook, 2004 26
About Taiwan: Supporting IEEE Publications • Optics • Aerospace • Power • Biomedical Engineering • Circuits • Remote Sensing • Communications • Optics • Computing • Radiology • Electronic Commerce • Security • Energy • Services • Electrical Engineering • Software • Industrial Engineering • Standards • Information Technology • System of Systems • Manufacturing • Transportation • Nanotechnology • Wireless • Nuclear Science 27
About Taiwan: IEEE Xplore Usage In 2005 Rank by Usage United States 12, 575, 663 1 China 11, 063, 571 2 Taiwan 5, 852, 201 3 Korea 3, 753, 522 4 India 3, 299, 572 5 Canada 2, 652, 925 6 UK 1, 610, 596 7 Japan 1, 582, 963 8 Italy 1, 472, 788 9 Australia 1, 299, 697 10 Country 28
About Taiwan: Potential Patent-Related Sources (Based On Top 25 Companies in 2005) IEEE is 1 st! Source: 1790 Analytics 2005 29
Concluding Remarks • Publications Have Certainly Enabled, If Not Ensured, • The Success Of My Career In Industry, Academia and As A Volunteer Publications Represent Ø Processed Data: Resulting in Information Ø Processed Information: Resulting in Knowledge Ø Processed Knowledge: Resulting in Wisdom • Publications Require Peer Review To Ensure Their • • Quality, Relevance and Timeliness Publications Are Critical To Both Research and Education, As A Resource and As A Repository of New Information, Knowledge and/or Wisdom Technical Publications (Especially From The IEEE) Have Underpinned Taiwan’s “Miracle Economy”, From Chip Foundries To Electronic Commerce 30
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