The Importance of Fytosanitary Collections Dr Peter Bonants

The Importance of Fytosanitary Collections Dr. Peter Bonants, Plant Research International Ir. Mariette Edema, Plant Protection Service Wageningen, The Netherlands

Introduction § Plant Research International § Wageningen University & Research Centre § Netherlands § Identification & detection: molecular methods § Quarantine plantpathogenic species

Introduction Increase damaging plant pests and diseases: • Expanding globalisation of trade in plant material, • Climate change, • EU expansion creating new borders and pathways, • Increasing regulation harmful organisms, • Decline in the resources supporting plant health activities on national and european level.

The Netherlands entry point for Europe: n n n Rotterdam: main harbour Amsterdam Schiphol: main airport Aalsmeer: main auction

In- and Export of goods: n Agricultural products l l l l Flowers Flower bulbs Seed potatoes Trees Plants Seedlings Vegetables

Expansion of the EU • European Union • 1952: 6 countries • 1973: 9 countries • 1995: 15 countries • 2004: 25 countries • 2011: 27 countries

Climate change: Global warming n Emerging Pathogens l l Introduction of new pests Survival Spread Suppress native population

Decline in taxonomic / fytosanitary experience • Retirement of specialists • No new students in taxonomy and phytopathology • Not sexy • Decline in resources for projects

Agricultural products in danger

Phytophthora ramorum Targets Quarantine § Which? § Fungi § Arthropods § Bacteria § Nematodes § Viruses § Phytoplasmas Anoplophora chinensis Xanthomonas fragariae Pinewood nematode § Council Directive 2000/29/EC § EPPO list A 1 and A 2 Phytoplasm Polerovirus

Importance Fytosanitary Regulations: • Food security / Sustainable food production • Biodiversity • Economic trade

Phytosanitary Regulations: • ICPP : International Plant Protection Convention (1997) • Countries allowed to apply import permission • Countries obliged to establish NPPO’s • Phytosanitary standards (ISPMs) • Europe • EU Directive 2000/29 • Approx. 300 harmful organisms: A 1/A 2 • PFC: Permanent Phytosanitary Commitee • EPPO: > 50 countries

Fytosanitary Collections, important for: • Studying Biodiversity • Studying Evolution • Studying Taxonomy Collections are also extremely important as source for taxonomic studies and development of detection- and identification methods for harmful organisms. • Reference material within these collections For controls and for the calibration of for example equipment and media.

Collections can contain: • living material: bacteria, fungi • dead material: insects, nematodes • tissue cultures • whole plants (viruses, phytoplasmas) • genetic material (DNA/RNA)

Fytosanitary collections • Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes, Insects, Viruses / Viroids, Phytoplasmas • Correctly identified by taxonomic experts • Material available for reference (NRC, NPPO) • DNA/RNA available • ISO certification • Funding • Collaboration

Future Collections • Optimal long-term use of collection material • Good management and maintenance is essential • Material should be correctly identified • Latest insights on the name placed material should be preserved • Equipment should also be easily accessible, retrievable and interchangeable

Collections • ECCO: europe • WFCC: world • Mainly focussing on bacteria, fungi • No nematodes, insects, phytoplasmas, viruses • Project Q-collect: phytosanitary collections

Databases • Current databases of molecular data are incomplete and have erroneous data; coordinated action across the research infrastructure using authenticated strains will ensure our future ability to identify and utilise new species.

DNA barcode identification www. qbol. org

Q-bank (www. q-bank. eu) • A dynamic open-access database of regulated plant pests and look-alikes, • Linked to curated and publicly accessible reference collections, • The database contains sequence data, morphological data including photographs, nomenclatural and diagnostic data, • The reference collections comprise voucher specimens, tissue and whole genome amplified DNA/RNA samples.

Data-Curatorium Insects Data-Curatorium Viruses Data-Curatorium Fungi Steering Committee Coordinator Data-Curatorium Bacteria Data-Curatorium Nematodes Administrator Data-Curatorium Phytoplasma's Data-Curatorium Invasive plants www. q-bank. eu phytopathology taxonomy collections

Who contributed to Q-bank ? Dpt. Entomology Zoological Museum Amsterdam n. VWA-NRC Entomology Dpt. Biosystematics Q-bank Slagelse 20110330

Who contributed to Q-bank ? 120. 000 570. 000 6. 000 Zoological Museum 8. 000 Q-bank Slagelse 20110330

Establish a Phytosanitary Reference Collection n n n Databases in specimens and species : windows and web Overview phytosanitary reference material in collections Ø (Q-species and their look-alikes) Complementing reference collections Develop a DNA-protocol, pictures for incoming samples Link between reference material, sequences, collection data Link between reference material and species information Q-bank Slagelse 20110330

What has been included so far: Øcollection records Q organisms and Look-a-Likes - ID presence, + collection data, + photo’s, + tissue, + sequences - ~ 1000 collection & sequences available Q-bank Slagelse 20110330

WP 3 leader: Jean-Yves Rasplus (INRA) WP 3: Arthropods § Which? 1. Number of species (198), multiple target crops (Agriculture also forests, ornamentals etc. ) 2. Example : Diabrotica spp. on Maize 3. Billion $ cost in US, introduced in Europe 4. Pesticide use (20 to 25 million acres in US) indirect costs hardly estimated 5. Species complex (i. e. Ips, Gonipterus, Epitrix, Bemisia globaly poorly known)

Q-bank Slagelse 20110330

Specimen table Q-bank Slagelse 20110330

Links to other databases Tephritidae Q-bank Slagelse 20110330

Necessary for fytosanitary collections: q Well characterized isolates: collections § also from country of origin q Technological infrastructure q Knowledge of plant pathogens: phytopathology q Taxonomy q Sampling, Identification, Detection technology q International contacts: collaboration

Acknowledgements: q Curators Q-bank: § fungi: Ewald Groenewald, Marcel van Raaij § bacteria: Martine Maes, Paul de Vos, Maria Bergsma § viruses: Rene vd Vlugt, Neil Boonham, Annelien Roenhorst, Stephan Winter § nematodes: Sebastian Kiewnick, Evelyn van Heese, Johan Hallmann § insects: Jean-Yves Rasplus, Antoon Loomans § phytoplasmas: Assunta Bertaccini, Mogens Nicolaisen

Request for collaboration: Plant pathogens: Insects, Fungi, Bacteria, Nematodes, Viruses, Phytoplasmas www. q-bank. eu © Wageningen UR www. qbol. org peter. bonants@wur. nl