The Holocaust By: Ashley Coberly & Kayla Parton
Anne Frank was a young girl who was Jewish during the Holocaust. Her family tried to escape and hide from the Nazis in the attic above a warehouse in the Netherlands. Two years later the family's whereabouts were discovered and Anne was forced to go to the concentration camp named Bergen. Belsen. She died there shortly after. Anne is famous because she kept a diary of all of her experiences during the Holocaust. After she died, her father, a survivor of the Holocaust, published her diary to honor the “…more than one and a half million child victims of the holocaust. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 36) e Ann y de r Insi k’s dia n Fra (Adams, 2007 Clip Art CD) Statue of Anne Frank that stands in Westerkerk Park near the house that she hid in during the Holocaust.
The Nurem Berg Trials The Nuremberg Trials are the trials the Nazis faced after WWII was over. The trials were held in Nuremburg, Germany by the: Allies, the British, Americans, French, and the Soviets. “ 19 of the 22 Nazi defendants were found guilty. ” 12 of the Nazis were sentenced to hangings. 10, 000 others were tried for war crimes against the Jews. “Since the 1950’s the country has paid $93 billion to Holocaust survivors and to Israel. Germany acknowledges that these payments in no way lessen the country's guilt in the Holocaust; instead, they are partial compensation for the survivors’ lost income and stolen property. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 41 -42)
Concentration Camps Concentration camps were places in which the Nazis would send , punish, and most often times kill their “enemies”, which included the: Jews, Communists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, physically handicapped persons, and Roma people. (Bodden, 2008 p. 15 -16) Once people were sent to the concentration camps, they were separated from their families, starved, poorly clothed, sometimes stripped of their clothes, beat, experimented with like animals, robbed of what little possessions they owned, and then killed.
Displaced Person’s Camps The displaced person’s camps were established after WWII by the Allies for the Jews. After the Jews were freed from concentration camps, and returned to their homes, they realized that their homes had been destroyed or they were occupied by unwelcoming inhabitants. Many of the Jews found that it was hard to continue their lives, because most of the people in their lives had been murdered in the Holocaust. It is recorded that “…more than 500 Jews who returned to their homes [after WWII] were killed [by people who still carried anti. Semitic feelings]. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 34)Therefore, the Allies felt like they should create a safe haven for the people who had already experienced so many tragedies in their lives. So the Allies transformed the once concentration camps, into displaced person’s camps for the survivors of the Holocaust. The camps are said to have held “…more than 10 million people across the continent who had been left homeless by the war. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 34 -37)At the camps the Allies provided shelter, clothing, and food.
D Eath Marches When the Allies began to end the war in 1944, the Nazis felt it best to move all of the prisoners from concentration and extermination camps in other countries to camps in Germany. The move was by foot and train. “Many [prisoners] were shot along the way, earning these forced marches the name “death marches. ” Those who survived the marches were [then] crowded into already overfilled camps, where the death totals continued to rise. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 32) Jewish prisoners Nazi Soldiers (Google Images)
“Final Solution” The Final Solution was the decision to systematically kill all of the Jews ( in order for Germany to become a “Reich Judenrein”. This decision was made on January 20, 1942 in Wannsee, Berlin. (Bodden, 2008 p. 25)This is when most Jews, if they weren’t already hiding, went into hiding. They hid in attics, basements, and any other small space they could fit. Many families hid together and children stopped attending school, just to seek refuge from the Nazis. Families such as Anne Franks ‘were in hiding for up to two years, before being discovered. (Bodden, 2008 p. 36) The Jews that were found were then forced onto trains and moved to one of the six extermination camps in Germany. ( Bodden, 2008 p. 26) (Google Images) Villa in Wannsee, Berlin were the “Final Solution” was discussed between Nazi administrators.
When we use the word “ghetto” in today’s modern slang, we are usually referring to something that is tacky, run-down, or an unsafe location. However, the term “ghetto” actually comes from Germany , meaning “Jew’s Lane” or “Jew’s Quarter "during the days of the holocaust. (wiki) In 1939, after the Nazis had already taken away the citizenship rights of the Jews, and destroyed their property during the “Night of Broken Glass, ” the Nazis decided to relocate the Jews to “marked-off –and usually walled-or fencedoff areas of various cities. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 20) These locations were said to be in the most dilapidated parts of town and contained so many people that many became homeless and often times “froze to death. ”(Bodden, 2008 p. 21) For example, “In the largest ghetto, established in Warsaw, Poland, more than 400, 000 people were packed into a 100 block area…” (Bodden, 2008 p. 20) The ghettos were not a choice place for the Jews to live, especially when there are records that report random acts of violence toward the Jews in the ghettos like “…one guard who took pleasure in walking through the streets and shooting babies in strollers. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 22) Ghetto’s
Hitler, Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria. Adolf was conceived from his father’s third wife, and at the time of Adolf’s birth, his dad was 51 years old. Hitler completed high school, and then his father died. His father left him an inheritance, in which he moved to Vienna and applied for art school and architect school, however he was rejected by both. Then his mother died of cancer in 1907. During WWI, Hitler refused to serve in the Austrian army, but instead joined the German army. Hitler was awarded 5 medals in the WWI. Hitler always believed the Jews to be part of a Socialist and communist uprising against Germany and therefore hated them. (Simkin, 2003) In 1932 Hitler was selected to become chancellor of the Nazi party. Two years later, Hitler became the president of the Nazis when Paul Von Hindenburg died at the age of 87. Not long after Hitler came into power, he decided to “purify” the nation in an attempt to have an Aryan country. Aryans were of the white race with blue eyes and they were German. Hitler started this by sterilizing all “mentally and physically handicapped” people “as well as Roma people”. (Bodden, 2008 p. 15) Then, Hitler went full speed against the Jews. A year later, in 1935, Hitler revoked all citizenship rights of the Jews. (Bodden, 2008 p. 16) In 1938, was the Kristallnacht and the start of concentration camps. (Bodden, 2008 p. 16)Then WWII started with Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939. (Bodden, 2008 p. 19) In 1942, Hitler proposed the “Final Solution, ” which was the genocide of the Jews. (Bodden, 2008 p. 25) On April 28, 1945, Hitler and his mistress of twelve years, Eva Braun, married. Just two days later, Eva and Hitler committed suicide by taking cyanide pills; Hitler also shot himself. (Simkin, 2003) Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945, ending WWII. (Bodden, 2008 p. 34)
I The All es‘of WWII The Allies of WWII were the forces against the Nazis. The Allies consisted of the United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, and Poland. (Bodden, 2008 p. 32) However, the “Big Three” were considered to be the leaders of the U. S. , Russia, and Britain. Franklin D. Roosevelt, United States Joseph Stalin, Russia Winston Churchill, Britain
Jewish Judaism is a very complex and extensive religion. During the Holocaust the Jews were Hitler’s primary target, so it is important to understand what qualifies a person to be a Jew. Judaism can be broken down into 3 smaller divisions which vary in respects to the laws that they observe. The 3 types are: (Woog, 2004 p. 14 -18) (The Star of David was Orthodox Jews required by the Nazis to be Conservative Jews worn by and Jew Reformed Jews during the Holocaust. ) While there are different branches of Judaism, there are 3 texts that are the same for all Jews, they are the following: The Torah (Christians refer to this as the first 5 books of the Old Testament of the Bible. ) The Mishnah (Which “…expands on the Torah, ”) (Woog, 2004 p. 12) The Talmud (Which expands on the Mishnah) There also a few other basic principles that all Jews, despite which domination they belong to agree on, and they are: There is only one God. He is the creator. He is all-knowing. He is the only God that the Jews worship. (Woog, 2004 p. 14) The 10 Commandments are instructions in which to live. (Woog, 2004 p. 14) Jews should do good deeds and better the world throughout their lives. (Woog, 2004 pg. 14) Jews believe that Jesus was a “great teacher”, but not the Messiah. The Jews are currently still waiting for the Messiah and believe that only he can bring peace to the world. (Woog, 2004 p. 18) They eat only Kosher foods. (Woog, 2004 p. 32 -37) They celebrate many holidays, such as Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Hanukkah, and the Passover. (Woog, 2004 p. 26 - 31) Jews also attend Friday and Saturday night services at the Synagogue. (Woog, 2004 p. 21)
Kristallnacht is German for “The Night of Broken Glass. ” On November 9 and 10 of 1938, the Germans and Nazis destroyed Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues. They then proceeded to arrested Jews and sent them off to concentration camps. (Ayer, 1994 p. 75) “When the violence ended, more than 1, 000 synagogues and 7, 000 Jewish businesses were severally damaged or destroyed, and more than 90 Jews were dead. The next morning, 30, 000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps…” (Bodden, 2008 p. 16) Kristallnacht was just the very beginning of persecution for the Jews, and others whom were deemed “impure” to Hitler. (Google Images) Jewish texts that were burned during Kristallnacht.
Labor Camps Hat worn by a prisoner. (Holocaust Encyclopedia) Aside from the concentration camps and extermination camps, there were also a number of camps established in Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia, and France that were specifically labor camps for the prisoners of the Nazis. (Bodden, 2008 p. 31) At the labor camps, the prisoners would be forced to do physical work all day. While many people would think it lucky to have to work in labor camps, rather than die in another camp, the Jews knew better. “On an average day, 15 to 40 of every 100 people in the labor camps died, victims of overwork, starvation, disease, and Nazi brutality. As at Auschwitz, prisoners were often forced to work 12 hours a day, some at factories making goods to support the German war effort, others at senseless jobssuch as running up quarry steps while carrying a huge rock-created simple to torment them. ” (Bodden, 2008 p. 32) Shirt worn by a prisoner. (Holocaust Encyclopedia)
Medical experiments v Experiments with poison v High altitude experiments v Freezing/ Hypothermia experiments v. Surgeries without anesthesia v Warming by body heat v Internal Irrigation Twins were held high on the medical experiments list. § Injection in eyes to try and change eye color § tubes forced through nose and lungs Dr. Joseph Mengele also known as “Angel of Death” was in charge of all medical experiments. (Bulow, 2007 -09) § injection to the heart at same time so they would die together § dissected and organs sent off to research centers
Nazi Officials Adolf Hitler (1889 -1945) Adolf Eichmann (1906 -1962) Heinrich Himmler These three men were a few of many Nazi officials during the time of the Holocaust. They stood behind the horrible acts taking place to innocent victims and later, either committed suicide or were persecuted for their behaviors.
Operation Reinhard Ø Code name for the German to plan to murder approximately 2 million Jews living in the government general. Ø Was named after SS General Reinhard Heydrich ØThe point of Operation Reinhard was to (1)resettle the Polish Jews, (2) to exploit the skill or manual labor of some Polish Jews before killing them, (3) to secure personal property of Jews, and (4) to identify and secured alleged hidden and immovable assets such as factories, apartments and lands. Ø 1. 7 million Jews were killed from Operation Reinhard
Poland, Invasion of Fall 1939 September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland. It didn’t take long for Germany to defeat Poland, just a few weeks. Warsaw soon surrendered 27 days later. The domino effect eventually lead to the organization of the General Government, including the cities: Warsaw, Krakow, Radom, and Lublim.
Quakers q. Also known as the “Society of Friends” q Founded in England in the mid 17 th century q the name comes from “quaking” meaning agitation of religious feeling q help to provide relief services in Germany q they refused to attend established churches or to bear arms. q They feared that speaking out against the persecution of the Jews would compromise their reputation in Germany, which they had built up over time.
Rescue People from all over Europe risked their lives to help Jews. Those caught suffered severe consequences Denmark was the most successful rescue operation Rescuers came from every religious background. Some families would even provide hiding places for Jews in their home. Such as Anne Frank. Underground networks were also used to rescue and to smuggle Jews to other locations of hiding.
Schindler, Oskar He was a German. Catholic Industrialist, who built work outside of Krakow ghetto (a place where Jews were surround by Germans). This work place protected Jewish workers from deportation. He then moved into the Krakow ghetto taking over 2 manufacturers. This place provide relief from over 900 Jews. (1908 -1974) Protection of his Jewish workplace consisted of changing records on file so that it would keep the Jews from harms way. 1962 he was awarded the title of “Righteous Among the Nations” in recognition of his humanitarian contribution. 1993 he was awarded the USHM Museum’s Medal of Remembrance and his wife accepted the medal on his behalf.
Theresienstadt o. Theresienstadt is considered a camp ghetto which existed between 19411945 and served as 3 purposes. 1) As a transit camp 2) As a ghettolabor camp 3) Holding pen for Jews. o Theresienstadt was then discovered as a settlement of deception for the Germans. Theresienstadt was a place to collect Jews and hold them their until they were deported to killing centers. o Under false pretense the Germans allowed the Red Cross to visit and the place was “beautified”. Houses were painted and plants were brought in. The Nazi’s sugarcoated the whole deportation process. During this time deportations were put on hold and after the Red Cross left, the deportation process picked-up from where it left off.
United states and the Holocaust U. S. did not hold rescuing Jews from the Nazi’s as a priority During the Holocaust the U. S. made it hard for refugees to obtain entry visas to the U. S. The U. S. put off publicizing reports on genocide. The U. S. rejected the legislation twice that would have allowed entry to the U. S for 10, 000 unaccompanied Jewish children The Jews pleaded with U. S. trying to convince them to bomb gas chambers and railroads leading to the camps which was unsuccessful.
Voices from the Lodz ghetto v. The Lodz ghetto formed after Germany invaded Lodz, Poland in 1939 v close to 2 million Jews were captured v this ghetto formed the 2 nd largest community in Poland “I saw two wagons full of little children drive past the open gate. Many of the children were dressed in their holiday best, the little girls with colored ribbons in their hair. In spite of the soldiers in their midst, the children were shrieking at the top of their lungs. They were calling out for their mothers. ” Sara Plagier, age 16 (United, 2008) Sarah Plagier “One day, little Rysia asked if Jews looked different before the war from the way they looked now and if they ever looked like non Jewish people. After hearing that there is no real difference between non-Jews and Jews, she contemplated this for a moment and finally asked: 'So why do they separate us from them? '” Sara Plagier, age 15 (United, 2008)
World War II United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Imperial War Museum- Film Archive World War II started by Germany invading Poland , September 1, 1939. Lasted through September 2 1945. This ended with over 55 million deaths worldwide and was considered the largest and most destructive conflict in history.
Also Known As: Killing centers and death camps. E xterminating Camps Lublin/ Madjanek-6 th Killing center Chelmno – 1 st Killing center Operation Reinhardinclude 3 camps: Belzec(2 nd), Sobibor(3 rd), Treblinka(4 th). Approximately 1, 526, 500 Jews were killed her between March 1942 and November 1943. Auschwitz Birkenau- 5 th killing center-Largest killing center killed over 6, 000 Jews a day!
Yitzhak Gitterman (1889 -1943) He was a director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) in Poland He was a member of the underground Jewish Fighting Organization His career consisted of helping victims and setting up operations to aid the refugee community. He helped raise funds to buy weapons He was killed while taking part of the resistance
Zdzieciol (Zhetal) § Jews first settled here § Town in Poland § first place to enforce Jews to wear six point yellow star on the front and back of their clothing 1941 § Dvoretsky set up an underground organization in Zhetal consisting of 60 people. The Germans eventually found out about this. § Germans would show up periodically to the town requesting Jews to give all jewelry and valuables to them. § eventually the town was killed off by 2 massacre’s Alter Dvoretsky, Head of Zhetal
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