The History of Jazz America s original art form

The History of Jazz America’s original art form

Jazz Music Originated in the 1920’s in New Orleans l Characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, and improvisation l Picture is of Bourbon Street in New Orleans l

Origins of jazz l West African Folk Music l European Classical Form and Harmonies l New Orleans Marching Bands l The Blues l Influences of other styles of modern music

Jazz Instruments

Styles ( Eras) Of Jazz Music l l l l 1880’s to 1910 -1920 -1945 1943 -1952 1955 -1969 1970 -1986 1987 -present

Ragtime Music l 1897 Harlem Rag l Tom Turpin l 1899 Maple Leaf l Scott Joplin Rag l 1902 The Entertainer l 1906 Frog Leg’s Rag l 1919 Bohemia Rag l James Scott l Joseph Lamb

Ragtime Music 1897 starts the l With industrialization, influence of Ragtime railroad construction its popularity quickly l Ragtime predated the spread availability of sound recordings so its l Piano rolls and player popularity was by pianos play an word of mouth. important role with ragtime music l Was distributed by sheet music l

Ragtime Music Invention of the l Primarily written for phonograph helped piano but towards the spread ragtime music mid 1910’s, some and helped the music songs were arranged industry for different ensembles thus l Stride piano is an leading the way into important aspect of Dixieland music Ragtime music that had a direct influence on modern music today l

Styles of Ragtime Music Cakewalk-popular in l Ragtime Song- 1904, music is version of ragtime intended to represent music that was of dance contests influential to Irving where the prize is a Berlin, American cake composer, influential in early Hollywood l Two-Step-Popular in and Broadway 1911, dance craze that was popular in the early 1900’s l

Styles of Ragtime Music Classic Rag- Style l Stride Piano- made popular by Scot emerged after WW 1 Joplin, main style of fast paced moving ragtime music bass line, direct influence on early l Fox-Trot- dance style Rock & Roll started in 1913, became popular in 1920’s l

Ragtime Revivals l l 1950’s better recording devices were invented so older songs were recorded on record and published causing a revival in popularity 1970’s- Joshua Rifkin recorded a series of Scott Joplin music and won a Grammy, re-introduced Joplin’s music to the public New York Public Library released a 2 volume set of Scott Joplin music which introduced a new audience to his music 1974 - the movie The Sting staring Robert Redford and Paul Newman used Scott Joplin songs as its theme songs.

Scott Joplin l Father Of Ragtime l 1899 Maple Leaf Rag l Most Famous Ragtime Song l 1902 The Entertainer

Scott Joplin l l Best known ragtime musician and composer Father of Ragtime music 1891 -Part of a minstrel troupe 1895 started selling his music Worked as a pianist in Maple Leaf and Black 400 gentlemen clubs l 1899 Sold his most famous piece Maple Leaf Rag to John Stark l Boosted his popularity and made ragtime famous l Treemonisha- opera based on ragtime music l

The Maple Leaf Rag Named after a bar Joplin worked at in Sedalia Missouri l ragtime's biggest hit l The success of the Maple Leaf Rag sparked a nationwide ragtime craze. l l 1899 Publication of the Maple Leaf Rag l becomes a nationwide best-seller l 1903 The first recording of Maple Leaf Rag is made, in Minneapolis

The Entertainer l 1902 The Helped to launch a ragtime revival which Entertainer increased the l Featured in the popularity of ragtime 1973 movie the music sting featuring Paul l Song influenced John Newman and Williams to write the cantina song in Star Robert Redford Wars l

Joseph Lamb l Influential Composer l 1908 Met Joplin l 1908 Sensation l 1919 Bohemia Rag

Joseph Lamb l l l White influential ragtime musician and composer Self taught musician Big fan and influenced by Joplin 1908 - New York, was purchasing Scott Joplin music in record store when he met Scott Joplin Introduced to John Stark l l l Lambs music was published for the next decade 1908 - Sensation 1914 - Cleopatra Nightingale 1919 Bohemia Rag When popularity of Ragtime faded, decided to work as an accountant 1950’s revival had him come out of retirement and start performing again

James Scott l 1902 worked for Charles Dumars and met Joplin l 1903 A summer Breeze l 1906 Frog Legs Rag

James Scott l l l l One of the big three composers of ragtime music Born in Neosho Missouri 1902 worked in music store of Charles Dumars as menial labor Showed musical ability so Dumars published his music A Summer Breeze in 1903 1906 moved to St. Louis Met Scott Joplin and John Stark l l l 1906 Frog Legs Rag 1914 moved to Kansas City Married, taught music, directed theater orchestra Talking movies began so he lost his first fortune. Wife died, bad health Continued to compose until Starks retirement in 1922

Tom Turpin l Father of St. Louis Ragtime l 1896 Harlem Rag l First Politically Powerful African Americans in St. Louis

Tom Turpin Ragtime composer and businessman l Opened saloon in St. Louis which became a meeting place for musicians l First African American to publish a ragtime song “Harlem Rag” in 1897 l Other famous song was St. Louis Rag l Owned several businesses in St. Louis, theater, saloons, gambling houses l Was a deputy sheriff and one of the first politically powerful African Americans in St. Louis. l His influence on local music earned him the nickname Father of St. Louis Ragtime. l

John Starks Was the publisher of the most famous ragtime composition from the 1900’s-1920’s l Money he earned by publishing Maple Leaf Rag enabled him to increase his publishing company l Moved from Sedalia Missouri to St. Louis and finally to New York l He and Scott Joplin moved together l One of the first music Promoters and Advertisers l persistently challenged the musical (and racial) prejudices that prevented true ragtime from receiving its due. l Competed against Tin Pan Alley Producers l

Tin Pan Alley

Tin Pan Alley Was the popular music publishing center of the world from around 1885 to the 1920's l Before it was established, publishers were scattered all over the country l these early publishers played important roles in the printing and distribution of sheet music. Most music publishers also published church music, music instruction books, study pieces and classical items for home and school use. l l l l After the Civil War, people started to play the piano. By 1887 500, 00 young Americans were learning the piano The demand for sheet music was great. Publishers decided to consolidate in New York was becoming a cultural center in the United States. Performers lived there, music thrived there, musical trends happened there

Tin Pan Alley l l Thomas B. Harms (Harms, Inc. started in 1881) Isadore Witmark. M. Witmark & Sons published their first sheet music I'll Answer That Question Tomorrow in 1885. Soon every major music publisher in America had a presence in what would become Tin Pan Alley Irving Berlin, Inc. , Remick Music Co. , Robbins Music Corp, and E. B. Marks Music Company l These visionaries concentrated almost exclusively on popular music, and the key to their success was their use of market research to select music and the use of aggressive marketing techniques to sell the product. l Song composers were hired under contract giving the publisher exclusive rights to popular composer's works

Tin Pan Alley The market was surveyed to determine what style of song was selling best l Then the composers were directed to compose in that style. l l music was becoming an industry more than an art Song pluggers (performers who worked in music shops playing the latest releases, ) were l a song was actually hired tested with both l Performers were performers and listeners persuaded to play the to determine which would new songs in their acts to be published and which give the music exposure would go to the trash bin to the public l

Tin Pan Alley 28 th street between 5 th l In 1897 Feist rented a room at Avenue and Broadway. This 1227 Broadway and with a street (28 th) became known as piano and a partner began the "Tin Pan Alley. music publication business with his first song, Does True l the first to establish Love Ever Run Smooth. themselves in the area known as Tin Pan Alley was most l The name symbolizes the probably Leo Feist, a corset sound of the many pianos salesman who had a penchant being pounded in publisher's for writing catchy lyrics rooms which was characterized as sounding as though hundreds of people were pounding on tin pans. l

Tin Pan Alley vaudeville replaced the minstrel show as the most popular form of stage entertainment l enormous amounts of money were to be made from the sale of songs popularized by these shows l In the first two decades of its existence, Tin Pan Alley produced a succession of songs, remarkable from a commercial standpoint and for their endurance in American culture. l l Large numbers of songs from this period became widely known and are a part of our traditions even today. l Give My Regards To Broadway (1904), Shine on Harvest Moon (1908, ), Down by the Old Mill Stream (1910) and Let Me Call You Sweetheart

Tin Pan Alley The lyrics of music from this period suggest that the USA was a peaceful, happy and prosperous place. l The many songs about the past describe warm memories of happy and innocent times in rural or small town settings. l The persistent image of one of the happiest and least troubled times in American history has been derived largely from these songs. l Compare those images to today's music which is mostly in an urban setting with very disturbing and violent images. l Tin Pan Alley was not about love peace and happiness, it was about selling songs. l There were no altruistic desires on the part of the publishers to solve the problems of society nor were they attempting to create a happy world l provide musical entertainment that allowed people to escape the realities of the hardships of life and their own life's troubles. l

Tin Pan Alley the publishers of Tin Pan Alley not only established an industry that continues in grand tradition but they also are responsible for the beautiful music and covers we enjoy today l what remains of Tin Pan Alley was put up for sale and the buildings will most probably be razed to make way for l "progress. " l The buildings, at 47, 49, 51, 53 and 55 West 28 th Street, are being sold as a group for - hold on to your hat in these cacophonous economic times - a mere $44 million. "

The Minstrel Show

The Minstrel Show a theatrical entertainment l interlocutor, middleman - the consisting of songs, dances, performer in the middle of a comic turns, etc. , performed by minstrel line who engages the a troupe of actors wearing others in talk black face make-up l minstrel - a performer in a l troupe, company - organization minstrel show of performers and associated personnel l l corner man, end man - a man at one end of line of performers in a minstrel show; carries on humorous dialogue with the interlocutor

The Minstrel Show l l The most popular musical stage shows of the early and mid 19 th Century, In the US they began in the 1840 s Both white and black performers donned blackface, and audiences of all colors loved it. minstrel shows were the first form of musical theatre that was 100% American-born and bred. l performing songs and skits that sentimentalized the nightmare of slave life on Southern plantations l By the end of the Civil War the minstrel show had become world famous and respectable l Between 1750 and 1843, over 5, 000 theater and circus productions included blackface.

The Minstrel Show l Some of the most famous songs in American history-- Dixie, Camp town Races, Oh Susannah, My Old Kentucky Home--began as minstrel songs. l Thomas "Daddy" Rice caused a nationwide sensation by donning burnt cork to perform the song "Jump Jim Crow" on stage. l "Jim Crow" turned out to be more than a popular song. It became the name of one of minstrelsy's stock comedy characters, and a by-word for legalized racial oppression. three stock characters were among several that reappeared in minstrel shows throughout the nineteenth century. l "Jim Crow" was the stereotypical carefree slave l "Mr. Tambo" a joyous musician, l Zip Coon" a free black attempting to "put on airs" or rise above his station l

The Minstrel Show

The Minstrel Show l Most of the entertainment was Dan Emmett, Frank improvised Bower, Frank Pelham l They insulted each other, and Billy Whitlock they baited each other, became the first troupe to they made mincemeat of offer a full evening of the language, they took blackface variety the audience into their entertainment. fun, and, in one night, l Most historians mark this they added a new form to production as the show business in America beginning of minstrelsy. l

The Minstrel Show in the twentieth century, several of the most famous minstrels were actually black me who wore makeup--the most famous being Bert Williams, who performed in blackface into the 1920 s. l The first talking picture, "The Jazz Singer, " (1927) was a blackface film l Minstrel shows continued to be popular well into the 1950 s, l High schools, fraternities and local theater groups would often perform minstrel shows in blackface. l It became unpopular as African Americans asserted more political power in the 1950 s. l

The Minstrel Show The long-running radio series Amos n' Andy featured two white actors impersonating contemporary black characters that were direct descendants of "Zip Coon" and "Jim Crow. “ l Stephen Foster- American song writer of Camp town Races, " "My Old Kentucky Home, " "O Susanna l Minstrel star Dan Emmett composed the unofficial Southern anthem "Dixie. l George M. Cohan and Irving Berlin. l Al Jolson- most famous actor who got his start in a minstrel show l l Jolson immortalized blackface in several films, including the talking landmark The Jazz Singer (1928).

The Minstrel Show l Jolson said that blackface gave him the emotional freedom he needed to take risks as a performer l In the first half of the 20 th Century, he was billed as "The World's Greatest Entertainer“ l last star of minstrelsy l legend in vaudeville, Al Jolson had dozens of top selling recordings l Became the first talking film star l Was a popular presence on network radio. l

The Minstrel Show The bizarre minstrel show might be easier to understand in modern terms. l Think of white rappers, or white rock musicians who play blues-derived music. l When they imitate black musicians, are they expressing admiration, or are they just stealing? l Are they sincerely trying to come to some understanding of cultural difference, or are they just engaging in minstrel parody without the make up l Similarly, are black musicians who play to a predominantly white audience, particularly those produced by Sean "Puffy" Combs, doing something similar to what Bert Williams did? l

Vaudeville l l In the 1880’s after the Industrial Revolution, people started to concentrate in cities and towns instead of rural communities Looking for higher paying jobs and more opportunities of success Worked hard and long hours and wanted to be entertained after hours variety shows were too coarse for women or children to attend, l l minstrel shows were already declining in popularity In a world where phonographs, film, radio and television did not yet exist, something new was needed to fill the gap. Vaudeville also tried to bridge a social gap that had divided American audiences Vaudeville was developed by entrepreneurs seeking higher profits from a wider audience.

Vaudeville l l Tony Pastor-Invented Vaudeville in 1881 music and comedy" designed for family audiences Pastor showcased the finest talents on the variety stage, giving crucial opportunities to future stars Pastor never expanded beyond his small theatre near Union Square. A place families could call home for their entertainment l Pastor's "clean" variety show was an instant success, drawing an enthusiastic audience from all age groups and classes – including some of the most influential people l in New York.

Vaudeville Benjamin Franklin Keith and Edward F Albee made a quick fortune with unauthorized productions of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. l started build a chain of ornate theatres across the northeastern United States vaudeville spread through the United States, major theatre chains or circuits were built l By 1907 Vaudeville was l l l earning $30 million a year l A successful act toured forty or more weeks a year, doing "one nighters, " splitweeks or weekly stands they instituted a policy of continuous multiple daily performances, which they called "vaudeville. " depending on a theatre’s size

Vaudeville l The Orpheum Circuit- The In 1919, when the average Palace Theatre factory worker earned less than $1, 300, a small time l An act could be anything circuit performer playing a that was inoffensive and forty-two week season at $75 entertaining. A per week earned $3, 150 a year. performer's gender, race l The most celebrated vaudeville and appearance were no house of the early 1900 s was barrier to success, New York's Victoria l While singers and dancers l were part of every bill, the specialty acts set vaudeville apart

Vaudeville l l l mind readers instrumentalists escape artists flash acts - any "showy" act boasting its own lavish set, a large chorus, special effects, etc. high divers l l l quick-change artists strong men living statuary contortionists balancing acts freak acts - anyone acting crazy or silly - eccentric dancers, etc.

Vaudeville l l l Houdini Hadji Ali would swallow water & kerosene, then spew kerosene onto open flames, followed by the water to put the flames out. Not pretty, but audiences were fascinated. W. C. Fields Will Rogers Babe Ruth l l l l Douglas Fairbanks Judy Garland George Burns Abbot & Costello The Three Stooges Kate Smith Mickey Rooney

Vaudeville l l l As stars got more popular they went on to bigger projects Movies started to gain popularity audiences tastes changed and vaudeville theaters started to change over to movie theaters 1930’s talking movies Great Depression l l l vaudeville singers and comics found a new home on radio, where "variety shows" offered something like audio vaudeville Vaudeville led to the immergence of family friendly entertainment on radio, television, and movies Ed Sullivan Show Leave it to beaver Carol Burnet show Vaudeville was precursor to Broadway and Motion Pictures

TOBA Theater Owners and Booking Agency l Black version of Vaudeville l vaudeville had black and white performers sharing the same l stage as early as the 1890 s l Most southern states did not allow blacks and whites to sit in the same theatre the only venues below the Mason-Dixon Line that welcomed "colored" customers in the early part of the 20 th Century l offered all-black bills for alll black audiences l It was the only way they could reach the appreciative black audiences of the deep South

Mason Dixon Line

TOBA l l l Ethel Waters - who went on to Broadway and film stardom Ma Rainey - jazz vocalist Bert Williams - Ziegfeld Follies star Bessie Smith - jazz vocalist Bill "Bojangles"Robinson - tap dance legend Many jazz artists got their start in TOBA black audiences saw the same kinds of acts found in standard vaudeville l Faded in popularity due to the Great Depression l

Jim Crow Laws l l l 1865 - Period called reconstruction Government provided civil right protection for African Americans 1877 - End of reconstruction and withdraw of federal troops from the south Legislature of the south passed the Jim Crow Laws Prohibited African Americans from using same facilities as whites Supported racial segregation l l l Jim Crow comes from minstrel song called Jump Jim Crow written in 1828 performed by Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice 1896 -Plessy vs. Fergusonresulted in 58 years of legal discrimination 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education - Thurgood Marshal 1954 - Supreme court overturned Plessy vs Ferguson 1964 -Modern Civil Rights Act