The Global Positioning System Briefing to Congressional Staff

The Global Positioning System Briefing to Congressional Staff February 2000 Greg Finley Director, Executive Secretariat Interagency GPS Executive Board

Overview • What is GPS? • Commercial Uses of GPS • GPS Policy and Management • Major Issues

What is GPS?

The System • 24 satellites operated by USAF provide 24 -hour, all-weather, global coverage • Satellites are equipped with atomic clocks • Precise time signals are broadcast on L-band radio frequencies • Four satellite signals enable receivers to triangulate position

How It Works Satellites broadcast • Precise time • Orbit data • Satellite health Receiver measures time delay from satellites, and by triangulation calculates • Location • Elevation • Velocity

GPS is a Dual-Use System • Cold War spinoff – Developed in 1970 s-1980 s to support Allied forces – Prominent in Gulf War – After KAL-007, civilians gained access to Coarse Acquisition (C/A) signal • Commercial use now dwarfs military use • GPS policy is managed at a national level by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) • DOD retains operational control for national security

Civilian vs. Military GPS • Civilians: Standard Positioning Service (SPS) – Coarse Acquisition (C/A) signal at L 1 frequency – Selective Availability (SA) limits accuracy to 100 m – Augmentation systems can improve accuracy to 1 -3 m • Military: Precise Positioning Service (PPS) – SPS plus two encrypted (P(Y)) signals at L 1 and L 2 – 20 m accuracy • Modernization will add more civil & military signals

Civilian Augmentation Systems • Many techniques have been developed to counteract the effects of SA and other sources of error – – – Differential GPS (DGPS) Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Post-Processing • Commercial GPS augmentation systems abound • Government is funding many public services to enable GPS error correction/integrity monitoring – – – Maritime DGPS Beacon Network -- Coast Guard Nationwide DGPS Network (NDGPS) -- Coast Guard Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) -- FAA Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) -- FAA Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) -- NOAA

GPS is a Global Information Utility • Time and spatial data are critical elements of the global information infrastructure • Use of GPS increases productivity and is changing the way we live and work • GPS data is embedded into information systems and is often transparent to end users • GPS is therefore offered freely to the world as a public good

Commercial Uses of GPS

$ Millions Worldwide Sales of GPS Related Goods & Services Projected to Exceed $16 B by 2003 Source: ITA, 1998

Relative Market Share Projections Source: ITA, 1998

Unit Cost of Receivers is Falling at ~30% Per Year $800 $600 $400 $200 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 Source: GPS Industry Council, 1995

Major GPS Markets Satellite Operations Power Grid Interfaces Personal Navigation Trucking & Shipping Surveying & Mapping Aviation Recreation Communications Network Synchronization and Timing Railroads Off shore Drilling Fishing & Boating

Precision Agriculture • Precise plowing, seeding, watering, spraying • Localized identification and treatment of distressed crops reduces chemical use • Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runoff • Machinery, asset, and personnel management • Automated tractor control

Open Pit Mining • Enhanced management of assets, equipment • Work progress tracked in real-time, remotely • Improved machine control saves time, lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents accidents • Rapid surveying for drilling blast holes • Smaller, more empowered workforce

Timing Applications • Some estimate the timing market at $40 -100 M • Communications network synchronization and management – Phone, wireless systems – LANs, WANs, Internet • Power grid management and fault location • Financial transactions • E-commerce signatures

Other Civilian Applications • Public Safety • Scientific Research • Environmental Management

$ Millions Global Sales by Market Segment Source: ITA, 1998

GPS Policy and Management

President’s GPS Policy • Presidential Decision Directive signed in March 1996 • Policy codified by Congress in 1998 • U. S. shall promote acceptance and use of GPS as a worldwide standard • GPS will remain free of direct user fees • Selective Availability will end by 2006 • GPS will be jointly managed as a national asset by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) Defense (co-chair) Transportation (co-chair) State Commerce Agriculture Interior Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA Justice

Commerce Representatives • Deputy Under Secretary for Technology – Gary Bachula • Deputy Under Secretary for NOAA – Scott Gudes • “Two seats, one vote”

Commerce Interests in GPS • Commercial GPS market growth • Civilian and scientific uses of GPS • Modernization and funding • Executive Secretariat • U. S. -Japan Cooperation • GPS Interagency Advisory Committee • Radio spectrum management, technical studies • Trade promotion and market access

IGEB Accomplishments • Decision to add two new civilian signals • Funding plan for implementation of third signal • Establishment of Executive Secretariat • Approval of negotiations with Europe

IGEB Management Structure IGEB Policy Senior Steering Group Resources/Requirements Working Groups Executive Secretariat Information/Coordination Task Forces Studies

Executive Secretariat • The IGEB Charter called for a dedicated Executive Secretariat but it was not implemented until 1999 • Functions include: – Identify national and international issues that may affect the management and operation of GPS – Develop issues papers, options, and recommendations – Assemble ad hoc working group to address GPS issues – Coordinate information among IGEB agencies – Provide administrative support

Executive Secretariat: DOC Role • IGEB accepted Deputy Secretary Mallett’s offer to physically host the Secretariat office in May 1999 – – – Office construction Furniture Equipment Initial supplies Recurring rent • DOC staff participation – – – Director from TA Detailee from Office of Space Commercialization Detailee from NOAA

Executive Secretariat: DOC Benefits • Raises visibility and status of Commerce as real player in GPS -- appropriate since DOC has greatest constituency of users • Facilitates international acceptance of GPS by demonstrating its commercial ties and dispelling its perception as a military system • Increases DOC awareness of and insight into ongoing processes affecting GPS and its users • Enables IGEB to move forward on critical issues from a national perspective by moving interagency conflicts to neutral ground

Executive Secretariat: Status • Office created last summer, but still only 2 -3 detailees assigned – – – DOC Interior DOD, DOT, NASA staff in the works • Activities so far have been limited to administrative support and production of National GPS Plan • DOC decided in December 1999 to increase its participation to energize operations

Executive Secretariat: Funding • Staff salaries paid by host agencies • DOT, DOD originally agreed to split expenses for studies, conferences, etc. – DOD money is now being transferred to DOC – DOT money was deleted by Congress • DOC has committed additional funds for studies • In order to collect operational funding from more than one agency, the IGEB needs specific authorization from Congress

Major Issues

Major Issues • Modernization and Funding • International Cooperation • Spectrum Protection

Modernization • Satellite upgrades needed to improve accuracy, reliability of GPS for civilian users • International aviation community moving towards Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) • IGEB, White House have spent over two years developing plan to add two new civilian GPS signals • DOD also plans to add new military signals around L 1 and L 2: “M-Code”

Modernization: New Signals C/A P(Y) Present Signal M 2 nd Civil & New Military Signals C/A P(Y) L 5 M C/A P(Y) 1176. 45 MHz C/A P(Y) M 3 rd Civil & Full Military Signals M P(Y) 1227. 6 MHz L 2 1575. 42 MHz L 1

Basic Civil Positioning: Today 25 -100 m • C/A Code on L 1 • Selective Availability

Basic Civil Positioning: Tomorrow Better resistance to interference 1 -3 m • • C/A Code on L 1 C/A Code on L 2 New Code on L 5 No Selective Availability

Advanced Positioning: Today 10 km 2 cm accuracy • L 1 Code and Carrier • L 2 Carrier • Data Link

Advanced Positioning: Tomorrow Faster recovery following signal interruptions (ex. , under bridges) • • 100+ km 2 cm accuracy L 1 Code and Carrier L 2 Code and Carrier L 5 Code and Carrier Data Link

Modernization: Funding • VP announced $400 M modernization initiative in January 1999 (includes military upgrades) • Congress denied DOT request for $17 M in FY 2000 • For FY 2001, OMB transferred all civil upgrade costs from DOT to DOD in an above the line request – $66 M in FY 2001 – MOA between DOD & DOT will ensure that civilian GPS modernization funds at DOD remain under civil control

Modernization: Schedule [1999] 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Block IIR (“Replenishment”) 2 nd Civil Signal Sats 1 -6 Sats 7 -9 Sats 10 -12 Sats 13 -15 Block IIF (“Follow-on”) 3 rd Civil Signal & Military M-Code

Modernization: Acceleration • DOD wants new M-Code as soon as possible • Deputy Secretary Mallett met with business CEOs in 1998 to hear views on modernization – Unanimous support for accelerating the schedule • IGEB co-chairs agreed in December to accelerate the modernization plan – Retrofit Block IIR satellites with second civil signal and partial M-Code – Implement third civil signal and full M-Code on all Block IIF satellites instead of just 27 of 36 • Launch strategy still causing delays despite acceleration of satellite production

International Cooperation • President’s policy tasks State to pursue GPS cooperation with other nations • Objectives include: – – – Establish GPS as worldwide standard Protect international spectrum allocations Ensure open market access Create seamless global navigation system National security interests • Commerce participates on every delegation – Japan, Europe, Russia

International Cooperation: Japan • Largest GPS market • Japanese GPS augmentation satellite -- MTSAT • Joint Statement signed by Clinton, Obuchi in 1998 • Three working groups: – – – International Policy Transportation Commercial & Scientific Use (DOC chair) • Next meeting: May/June 2000, Tokyo

International Cooperation: Europe • Multiple rounds of consultations from 1996 -1999 have led to little progress • E. U. announced intent to build independent “Galileo” system in 1999 -- but details are scarce • Galileo will include fee-based services and its use may be mandated within Europe • Europe seeks cooperation with U. S. , Russia in developing Galileo • Negotiations began in November 1999, may continue through Summer 2000

International Cooperation: Russia • Russian GLONASS system – Occupies important radio band near GPS – Lack of funding has led to its deterioration – May pursue cooperation with Galileo • Prior consultations have not been fruitful • Another meeting possible in early 2000

Spectrum Protection • GPS uses radio bands allocated by the ITU • At the last ITU World Radio Conference (WRC), U. K. proposed sharing the GPS L 1 band with mobile satellite systems • Vote was deferred until May 2000 • NTIA has supported technical studies demonstrating sharing is not feasible • State is engaged in intensive efforts to educate voting nations on the importance of GPS protection -- DOC has participated • Making progress but success is not assured

Spectrum Protection: New Bands • At next WRC, U. S. will also seek new allocations to support GPS modernization – Space-to-space allocation at L 2 – Exclusive use allocation at L 5 • L 5 allocation is problematic for many countries that use the band for aircraft navigation systems • Europe may condition support for L 5 on U. S. support for Galileo