The Future of Standards Robby Robson, Eduworks Corporation Chair, IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee The slides in this work are each separately licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution. No. Derivs 2. 5 License 30 -06 -2005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005
Outline • • • Standards Learning Technology Standards Technology Changes Standards Changes Directions in Standards Discussion WARNING: THE SURGEON GENERAL HAS DETERMINED THAT STANDARDS HUMOR IS AN OXYMORON 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 2
Interoperability Standards • • Help systems talk to each other Help systems interpret data Help systems exchange information Help people exchange information Really its all about plumbing … 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 3
Standards are the infrastructure that works behind the scenes YUK! there’s a leak! WOW! Look at those pipes 30 -062005 But I wanted pipes for my house! Uh oh! These pipes don’t quite fit together! Are Pipes-R-Us and We-Do-Pipes the same company? The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 COOL! That one’s made by ACME! PVC? HDPE? LDPE? ERW? This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 4
Why bother with standards? RESEARCH • Design new systems / create new reality • Solve problems • New technologies • Vision CONSUMER PROTECTION • Prevent lock-in • Increase quality through choice • Commoditization • Transparency BUILD MARKETS • Lower production costs • Modularize the supply chain • Shared suppliers • Shared effort Market moves from underserved to overserved* * Clayton M Christensen & Michael E Raynor, (2003). The Innovator’s Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, Mass. 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 5
Who is in the game, and why RESEARCH • Design new systems / create new reality • Solve problems CONSUMER PROTECTION • Prevent lock-in • Insure against supplier failures BUILD MARKETS • Lower production costs • Modularize the supply chain • Academics and Researchers – Focused on their own disciplines and needs – Culture of innovation driven by attribution • What really turns them on*: Inventing the future and getting recognized for it. *The opinions expressed here are opinions. 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 6
Who is in the game, and why RESEARCH • Design new systems / create new reality • Solve problems CONSUMER PROTECTION • Prevent lock-in • Insure against supplier failures BUILD MARKETS • Lower production costs • Modularize the supply chain • Government Agencies • Corporate / Academic consumers – Consumers with specific needs – Responsible for purchasing decisions • What really turns them on*: Software that works and saving money. *The opinions expressed here are opinions. 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 7
Who is in the game, and why RESEARCH • Design new systems / create new reality • Solve problems CONSUMER PROTECTION • Prevent lock-in • Insure against supplier failures BUILD MARKETS • Lower production costs • Modularize the supply chain • Technology Vendors (Commercial and not) – Market driven – Competitive • What really turns them on*: Growth (of markets, revenue, profits and footprint) *The opinions expressed here are opinions. 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 8
So what has happened in learning technology? 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 9
DLF (1995) Lots of organizations formed SISO (1994) EICA OKI CEN/ISSS WS-LT SIF Ed. NA (1994) 1996 1997 1998 1999 ARIADNE IMS ADL Dublin Core (1995) W 3 C (1994) 30 -062005 MERLOT Can. Core OASIS The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 2000 JTC 1 SC 36 2001 eb. XML ALIC B u t fe w s i n c e 2 0 0 1 IEEE LTSC AICC (1988) HR-XML CONSORTIUM This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 10
Goals and drivers evolved Consumer Driven Research Driven • GOAL: Standardized • GOAL: Learning learning infrastructure • Characterized by content interoperability • Characterized by – Public stewardship – Focus on “learning management systems” – Adoption & Implementation – Many activities – Little implementation – Proliferation of organizations 1996 30 -062005 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 2002 2003 2004 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 2005 11
In formal standards bodies working theories were replaced IEEE LTSC Web Site, October 12, 1999 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 12
With Accredited Standards IEEE LTSC Web Site, October 22, 2003 IEEE Approved Learning Technology Standards (as of June, 2005) 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 13
While in specification consortia I MS G l o b a l L e a r n i n g C o n s o r ti u m W e b S i te , 24 F eb ru ary, 2000 14 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 30 -062005
Specs were released and horizons broadened I MS G l o b a l L e a r n i n g C o n s o r ti u m W e b S i te , 2 9 Ju l y, 2003 15 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 30 -062005
By 2004 We had a good Portfolio of Interoperability Standards* • Separated content from delivery – Based on early research work – Driven by consumers to avoid lock-in – Driven by vendors to support their supply chain • Specialized to the learning community – Driven by training departments – Driven by educational institutions – Driven by smallish vendors *Standard in the sense of adopted by industry 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 16
Metadata Purpose Search / Discovery / Cataloging / Processing Standards • Learning Object Metadata* • Dublin Core Metadata (DCED) * Part of SCORM 2004 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 17
Learning Content Formats Purpose Organize & Transport Learning Content & “Learning Objects” Store & Exchange Online Quiz Questions Standards • IMS Content Packaging* • AICC Course Structure Format • IMS Question & Test Interoperability * Part of SCORM 2004 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 18
Data Exchange Purpose Standards • HTTP AICC Communication Communicate data Protocol between content & • IEEE Runtime Communication delivery platform (Java. Script API)* Define and Encode data • AICC CMI Data Model (adopted by IEEE)* to be exchanged Exchange Enrollment Data • IMS Enterprise * Part of SCORM 2004 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 19
Learner Records Purpose Exchange Learner Information Standards • IMS Learner Information Package Record status of learning • objectives • AICC CMI Data Model (adopted by IEEE)* Parts of IMS Simple Sequencing* * Part of SCORM 2004 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 20
Managing Learning Purpose Example Telling a Management System what to deliver next • AICC CMI specifications • IMS Simple Sequencing* Higher level organization • IMS Learning Design of Learning Activities * Part of SCORM 2004 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 21
Adoption (Compiled in 2004) Sources: Various Brandon-Hall Reports 1997/8 LMS 2000 LMS 2001 LCMS 2003 LCMS 2004 Authoring Tools 27 56 29 23 43 23 41% 52% 83% 87% 65% 26% Certified * * 7% 13% 9% * Compliant * * 76% 74% 56% * Support Planned * 23% * 4% 0% * 59% 25% 17% 9% 35% 74% SCORM Support * 17% 83% 87% 72% 43% 1. 2 * * * 83% 63% 39% Other * * * 4% 9% 4% Support Planned * 2% 7% 13% 5% * 100% 80% 10% 0% 23% 52% IMS Metadata * 34% * * * 43% IMS Metadata Planned * 25% * * IMS Content Packaging * * * 61% IMS QTI * * * 22% IMS (not specified) * * * 9% (Excepting Last Column) Number of Systems AICC Support No AICC Exists / Planned No SCORM Exists / Planned 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 Current Course Management Systems This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 22
But the world of learning systems is changing in some significant ways … 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 23
The Topology is Changing • Client / Server is being replaced by (massively) distributed (increasingly heterogeneous) networks – Institutions are federating • • 30 -062005 Repositories Learning Technologies Identities Games / Simulations are an influencer The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 24
Architectures Are Changing • Services from other domains • Componentization challenges product categories • New barriers to entry • Standards re-thought Find: Service Registry UDDI Service User 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 Describe: WSDL Access: SOAP This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. Publish: UDDI Service Provider 25
The Context is Changing Learning Management Supply Chains Human Capital Development Learning Content Management Customer Relations Enterprise Content Management Training Transformation E-Knowledge Transformation Enterprise Learning Technology Enterprise Architecture Globalization Workflow Learning is becoming an ubiquitous embedded application 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 26
The Technology is Working! And so is the research … 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 27
30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 28
Metadata Structured Metadata Semantic Web Abstract Models Descriptive Metadata Query Standards Contextual Metadata Cataloguing Why isn’t Automated Generation Meta-search / Federation Metadata Ontologies Ontology Languages the answer? What was the question? What is life like in a metadata-rich world? 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 29
LEARNING CONTENT FORMATS S 1000 D: Darwin Informatio International Open. Office n Typing Metadata specification for technical Architectur publications Encoding and e utilizing a common Transmission source database Standard MPEG-21 Digital Item Description Language Content Packaging 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 30
The Copernican Content Revolution Tech Pubs & Documentation Content Packaging Learning Content Open Office E-Content E-Business S 1000 D: Tech Pubs / Common Source Data Base E-Knowledge E-Learners Darwin Information Typing Architecture 30 -062005 Help Screens (EPSS) The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 Multimedia Content Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard “Office” Documents MPEG-21 Digital Item Description Language Digital Libraries This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 31
Future of Content Formats • Learning content as structured content (no more “Black Box SCOs”) – Presentation – Assets – Behaviors – Addressable Locations XML • Interoperability among content standards – Reference model for Resource Aggregations (IEEE LTSC project) 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 32
Data Exchange • Web Services • Middleware • Distributed Control Business Process Execution Language Diagram Courtesy Icodeon 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 33
From P. Dodds, A Hoberny & W. Blackmon: Next Generation Testing/ SCORM Assessment Service Learner Profiles Service SCORM Content Packages Selection Content Management Service Course Administration Service Local Content Repository Sequencing Service Launch Delivery Service SCORM Content (SCOs & Assets) Tracking Service Browser (Presentation) SCORM Tracking Data Generalized Learning Management System Model 30 -062005 Remote Content Repositories The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 API Adapter SCORM API This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 34
JISC / DEST E-Learning Framework (http: //www. elframework. org/) 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 35
Learner Records • Another Copernican Revolution • KISS: Keep It Separated, Stupid Relationships Among Competencies Evidence of Competency Competencies Learning Experiences Definitions of Competencies & Objectives People Learner Information 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 36
Managing Learning is a No-brainer … Because distributed, service oriented Architectures have no brain So the focus will be the emergent patterns among heterogeneous applications (Not on learner management)* * IMHO 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 37
Different Standards for Different Architectures 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 38
Different Standards for Different Architectures Type of System Top Issues Enabling Standards Monolithic (e. g. Plato) • Programmed Learning • Data reporting • Standardized language • Standard reports 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 39
Different Standards for Different Architectures Type of System Top Issues Enabling Standards Monolithic (e. g. Plato) • Programmed Learning • Data reporting • Standardized language • Standard reports Client / Server (e. g. institutional LMS) • Data exchange • Separation of content & platform • Comm. Protocols • Data models 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 40
Different Standards for Different Architectures Type of System Top Issues Enabling Standards Monolithic (e. g. Plato) • Programmed Learning • Data reporting • Standardized language • Standard reports Client / Server (e. g. institutional LMS) • Data exchange • Separation of content & platform • Comm. Protocols • Data models Distributed Homogeneous (e. g. Enterprise clusters) • Information Management • Data Exchange • ID / Registries • Services / Metadata • Data models / protocols 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 41
Different Standards for Different Architectures Type of System Top Issues Enabling Standards Monolithic (e. g. Plato) • Programmed Learning • Data reporting • Standardized language • Standard reports Client / Server (e. g. institutional LMS) • Data exchange • Separation of content & platform • Comm. Protocols • Data models Distributed Homogeneous (e. g. Enterprise clusters) • Information Management • Data Exchange • ID / Registries • Services / Metadata • Data models / protocols Distributed Heterogeneous (“Advanced Distributed Learning”) • Services • Behaviors • Unified User Experience • Intellectual property • • • 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 Behavior models Workflow Resolution architectures Learning design Rights / Access control This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 42
Which leaves us producing Standards that are • Learning profiles of core e-knowledge and e-business standards • Small • Strategic • Semantic • Behavioral • Service - oriented 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 • Universal • Adaptable to Regions and Communities • Compatible with current learning technology standards This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 43
And there is a lot of activity … • • • Cross-community activity Research maturing into prototypes Prototypes maturing into products Products maturing into research Application of external standards to learning • Lots of new ideas and real examples 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 44
But Don’t Forget Standards are dedicated to the proposition: GOOD ENOUGH FOR EVERYONE > GREAT FOR ME 30 -062005 The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 45
THE END -- DISCUSSION AWAKE? NO DREAM robby@computer. org YES PREOCCUPIED? YES THINK DEEP THOUGHTS 30 -062005 YES NO QUESTIONS? NO YES ASK QUESTIONS The Future of Standards: EDMedia 2005 INTERESTED? NO LEAVE HAPPY YES PARTICIPATE! This slide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No. Derivs 2. 5 License. Some rights reserved. 46
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