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Literature Searches Electronic Searches Dr. Craig Jackson Senior Lecturer in Health Psychology School of Health and Policy Studies Faculty of Health & Community Care University of Central England craig. jackson@uce. ac. uk
Aims & Objectives Aims Establish the importance of literature reviews Assist in the practicalities of performing a literature search Provide guidelines for the Critical appraisal of papers Objectives Introduction to literature searching Interviewing electronic data sources Allow critical appraisal of scientific papers To enable the production of a substantial piece of research within a speciality
Information sources among physicians Medical Other % % No time to search 25 20 Colleagues 52 67 Meetings 13 30 Textbook / Journal 30 21 Internet Other No info needed 14 5 18 7 21 2
Searching Behaviour Clinicians rely on expert based systems “wetware” (consulting colleagues, journal reviews, textbooks, and continuing ed. ) Academic researchers rely on computer resources hardware and software Expert Based Information Benefits • Wisdom through experience • Clinical nuggets that can’t be derived through the scientific method • Fill in the gaps in outcome-based knowledge with evidence derived from clinical experience Detriments • Info may be out of date • Reverse gullibility: clinical experience favoured over patient
The “Revolutionary Changes” • Internet access to literature databases • Increase in volume of general medical literature • Systematic reviews are more common • Specialist medical, psychological, nursing, ergonomic databases • Practice guidelines based on reviews • On-line purchase of articles • On-line full-text journals
P I C O Method for understanding papers • P Patient / Population characteristics • I Intervention / Exposure / Factor of interest • C Comparison / Control Condition • O Outcome
PUBmed www. pubmed. com
Good Research Questions Diagnostic Questions Compare with gold standard Etiologic Questions Case-Control study Intervention Questions RCT Prognostic Questions Patient cohort study
Search Strategy Use Me. SH browser (Medical Subject Headings) If Me. SH-term not available, use “free text” Aim at maximum of 50 studies Sensitive search – miss little but gain useless studies Specific search - more exact but few results Search filters
Quality Rules of Thumb Better quality if…. . Medicine better versus Internet Journals with High Impact Factor English Language Journals Structured Abstracts (Intro, Methods, Results, Conclusion)
Purpose 1. Define a problem to be researched 2. Review and summarise relevant literature (timescale) 3. Present this as Literature Review (word count) within dissertation 4. Viva considerations “The selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on a topic ……. . and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed” Hart, C (1998)
Benefits Understand previous research on topic by knowing: 1. The main theories in the subject area 2. Evolution / Acceptance of such theories 3. How theories have been applied 4. Main criticisms that have been made of work on the topic 5. Theoretical limitations Underpins knowledge needed for dissertation
Examiners like to see. . . • Identification of: Main concepts, theories, theorists and methodological approaches • Understanding & Critical Evaluation • Literary flow • Systematic reasoning • Demonstration of the need for this research • Demonstration that the research contributes something new
Key Points Appropriate breadth and depth Rigour Consistency Clarity Brevity Sound analysis Don’t base size on word-length
Process of searching Select key words in subject area Search sources using key words (CD ROMs, on-line bibliographic databases, library catalogues) Select key papers Obtain some key papers (photocopy, ILL, subscription) Critically review key papers Develop themes st Other papers Obtain abstracts (e) (make database) Critically review other
Tips Earlier the better - informs methodology Thorough – having papers / abstracts to hand at write up helps Think how relevant paper is to subject – be strict at a later date Refine earlier attempts at searches – re-run every three months Journal e-subscriptions & e-alerts Information overload can be good
Look for argument style problem events conclusions theory motives hypothesis standpoint politics justification concepts techniquestions definitions ways of thinking perspective interpretation ethical consideration conflicts of interest funding methodology validity evidence
POEM analysis Patient Oriented Evidence that Matters U= U R V W R x V W usefulness relevance of info validity of info work required to get info 3 criteria: 1) address a question that researchers encounter 2) measure outcomes that researchers care about: symptoms, morbidity, quality of life, or mortality 3) they have the potential to change practise Slawson & Shaughnessy
Electronic searches are getting easier Despite the hassle…. Fast Cheap Reliable Common Simplistic Interface improvements Hard but not impossible to compete with the qualities of a real
Varieties of sources Papers Databases Search engines Datasets Journals Personal communication M. U. D’s Google “ask”
The Useful Web Regulation No customs / No postman Good at what it does - it’s always there Instant / very fast Quality control Transient nature No international referencing format Mostly free Not easily transportable Interactive Bits not atoms Vast Not always easily accessible Bits not atoms Vast The Useless Web
Maximizing the web Requirements Browser you feel comfortable with (16 to choose from) Netscape Navigator v Internet Explorer Reliable search engine(s) individual taste Adobe Acrobat / Reader allows viewing of PDF documents (Portable Document Format) Time to experiment to find own style
Quality hits Surfing is 90’s Searching time • Most of useful work done in first 50 th % of interface • If not found early, info is of little use • Suggests www works • Information paradox
Useful Health Research websites www. occenvmed. com Occupational & Environmental Medicine www. bmj. com British Medical Journal www. fathom. com Fathom ehp. niehs. nih. gov/ Environmental Health Perspectives www. unc. edu/~rowlett/units/index. html Units of measurement www. researchpaper. com Research paper. com www. ohsonline. com annhyg. oupjournals. org Occupational Health Annals of Occupational Hygiene www. thelancet. com The Lancet www. newscientist. com New Scientist www. niss. ac. uk Ovid database www. scit. wlv. ac. uk/ukinfo/uk. map. html Map of UK Universities www. occmed. oupjournals. org/ Occupational Medicine www. joem. org/ Medicine www. fb 4 d. com www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov Journal of Occupational and Environmental Free books for doctors Pub Med
Recommended Search Engines http: //search. netscape. com Netscape http: //uk. yahoo. co. uk Yahoo http: //www. excite. com Excite http: //www. lycos. co. uk Lycos http: //www. looksmart. com Looksmart http: //www. google. com Google http: //hotbot. lycos. com Hotbot www. copernic. com META-SEARCH ENGINE
That which is not… • Journal Publications still the standard medium • Peer review still best process • Web not a shortcut to quality publication • Owning a (hard) copy of a journal paper is still essential • Web is there to facilitate access to journals and communication www. craphound. com
Accessing Worthwhile Research PROBLEMS Getting started. . . insurmountable task Too much vs too little Technology Judging relevance Unfamiliar literature Awareness of available resources Non-local materials Keeping track of findings
Keywords and Synonyms “WOMEN AND WORK IN HISTORY” Keywords: Women, Females, Girls, Gender Synonyms & near synonyms: Child, Adolescents Related items: Work, Employment, Labour, Workforce, Industry, Management Broader terms: Early, Medieval, Modern, Contemporary Britain, UK, England,
Boolean Logic Basis of most modern search processes George Boole (19 th C) 1. Mapping everything into Bits & Bytes 2. Pre-cursor to Logic gates - essential to computing 3. Excludes terms from a search The NOT Gate (Inverter) Takes an Input and produces an Output which is the opposite NOT GATE A Q 0 1 1 0
Boolean Logic The NOT operative Excludes a term from a search “Pollution NOT oil” “Labour NOT politics” “Disease NOT cancer” A powerful operating term
Boolean Logic Variety of search terms Think carefully about the search terms used Consider vocabulary Scientific Medical Classical Variations (spelling) (name) (context) (hyphens) Reiterate search results and re-try Constant Refinement Process Use “set-building” for searches
Boolean Logic Priority of Boolean process OR before AND then finally NOT “boys OR men AND hobbies NOT football” Use ( ) to group OR searches “Stress AND Sex” “Stress AND Women” “(Women OR Girls) AND Stress NOT Trauma”
Boolean Logic Building sets Returns 1. “teenagers OR adolescents” 500 2. “#1 AND (aggressive OR violent)” 350 3. “#2 AND (treatment OR rehabilitation)” 215 4. “#3 NOT (females OR girls)” 196 5. “#4 AND (advantages)” 121 Logical relationships become clear Search is built step-by-step Mistakes (sudden drops in citations) easier to see
e. Xcite for webservers More advanced form of searching than Boolean Logic Concept-based Query is simply a description of an information need Search for documents that are a best match for the words in query Also search for documents about the same concepts that query describes Sometimes bring back articles that don't mention any of the words in query The description / query can be as detailed as you want
Meta-search Engines Single search on a number of different search engines simultaneously DOGPILE INFERENCE FIND MAMMA METACRAWLER PROFUSION SAVVY SEARCH
Limitation Awareness “No research project is perfect. What is important though, is that the researcher recognises this, justifies why design and analysis decisions were taken, and interprets the results in the light of these. ” Hicks 1999
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