The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental Facility GEF

The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR Muscat, Oman, 6 -8 March 2006 Vector Control Situation Within th Context of SC In Sudan Mustafa Y. H. Dukeen Ahmed M. El Hindi Ahlam H. Ahmed Hmooda Toto

CONTENTS: Fast Fact on Sudan, Principle Vectors of Disease & Distribution in Sudan, Multiple Preventions (Evidence-based & cost effective intervention) , Vector Control Activities According to Stratification, The Current Vector Control Interventions (tools & methods used), Pesticide management practices, including policy and legislative framew The status, quantities and management of obsolete pesticide stockpiles, current constraints and needs, The existing mechanisms for intersectoral collaboration on vector contro

Fast Fact on Sudan: Location: G. coordinates: 0 0 15 00 N, 30 00 E, Population: 34, 475, 690, Area: . total: 2, 505, 810 sq km. land: 2, 376, 000 sq km. water: 129, 810 sq km Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October), River Nile & tributaries: prominent feature.

Vector Control Program Focus: Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distribution in Sud The current vector control interventions (tools & methods); The pesticide management practices, The status, quantities & management of obsolete pesticide stockpiles (current constraints & needs); The existing mechanisms for intersectoral collaboratio on vector control;

Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distribution in Sudan 1. Malaria Vectors : Anopheles arabiensis: all over country, arid zones, Anopheles gambiae: more humid & forested habitats, Anopheles funestus : more humid & forested habitat, Anopheles pharoensis & Anopheles nili: potential vectors

Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distributi in Sudan 2. Leishmaniasis Vectors : Phlebotomus papatasi: savannah & desert fridges Phlebotomus orientalis: Gedarif, Sennar, Blue Nile, Unity & Old Upper Nile States 3. Onchocerciasis Vectors: Simulum damnosum & S. surbanum: mainly) & South west (Bahr El Ghazal & Bahr Al Arab Sudan Abu hamad focus ,

Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distributi in Sudan 4. Trypansomiasis Vectors (Gambiensis & Rhodesiensis): Glossina palpalis , G. moristans & G. foscus: Mainly riverine & forest habitats in Southern Sudan, 5. Other vector-borne diseases: – Bancroftian filariasis : (mosquitoes), – Arboviruses: (mosquitoes mainly), – Other vectors/pests of PH importance: flies …

The Current Vector Control Intervention (tools and methods used)

Malaria & Other VBDs Control is based on: a variety of strategies to respond to the epidemiological heterogeneity of the disease

Malaria & other VBDs Burden in Sudan > 50% of malaria cases in EMR reported from Sudan The whole country is endemic with malaria All population at risk of malaria 80% of population live in epidemic-prone areas Annual records on malaria accounts for: - 7. 5 - 8. 0 million cases - 35000 deaths - Loss in working days - Treatment cost Other VBDs (Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, A. Sleeping Sickness a recently Y. F. & D. F.

Vector Control Management Strategies: IVM implementation: Main IVM components according to stratification: ITNs, IRS, chemical Larviciding environmental & IPT. Focus at present: ITNs & DDT alternatives on VBDs control Implementation limitations: budget availability Malaria Control annual budget 3. 2 million US$ ~. VC comprising 1/3 of the overall budget, ~. Proportion of ann. local budget ~ 1. 92 m US$. Proportion of ann. Exter. budget ~ 1. 28 m US$ Monitoring & Evaluation Operational Research

Multiple Prevention (Evidence-based & cost effective intervention): Scale up ITNs Expand IPT use Selective Vector Control Options based on local Epidemiologica Stratification : IRS: Indoor Residual Spraying CL: Chemical Larviciding EM: Environmental Management SIT: Sterile Insect Technique Biological Control (BC)

perineal Irrigated Seasonal Urban Desert stratification INTERVENTIONS

INSECTICIDES RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT Summery Of Results: last update; 2006 Malathion : effective* all over the country except Kassala, GZR, KRT & SEN States Fenitrothion : effective* all over the country Deltamethrin : effective* all over the country Permethrin: effective* all over the country except KRT DDT : Effective all over the country except ; KRT, GZR, Kassala & States (restricted). Bendiocarb : effective* all over the country * > 98% mortality among tested mosquitoes ( An. arabiensis )

Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 Insecticide DDT Area 4% Al Shigailab 100% No. mosquitoes 75 Permethri n 0. 75% 96 % 280 Bendeocarb Malathion % 5% 100% 50 x El Giraif Ssharq Average 95. 2% No. mosquitoes range: 88 - 100 tested 400 Average 95. 8% range: 92 – 98 525 100% 77% 300 325 Al Ameir No. mosquitoes tested 88. 3% 50 x 64% 50 tested 100% 50

Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin. ) Insecticide Area Al Salama Al Jadida No. mosquitoes tested DDT 4% 88% 50 Soba Gharb No. mosquitoes tested Al Faki Hashim No. mosquitoes tested x x Permethrin Bendiocarb Malathion 0. 75% 0. 1% 5% Average 96% 100% range: 92 100 50 x 50 Average 95. 4% range: 88 100 400 100% 92% 50 100% 50 x

Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin. ) Insecticide DDT Permethrin Bendiocarb Malathion 4% 0. 75% 0. 1% 5% Area Jabra No. mosquitoes tested Shambat No. mosquitoes tested Arkaweet No. mosquitoes tested x x x x 89. 10 75 x 70 75 x 100 125

Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum state, Oct. –Dec. . , ‘ 05 Insecticide DDT 4% Area Soba Burri Kafori Al Faki Hasim Deltamet Permethrin Fenetrothion Malathion hrin 0. 75% 1% 5% 0. 05% 100 % 98. 5 % 93% 99. 2% 87. 8% 100% 43% 98% 94% 100% 56. 3% 98. 5 84. 3% 100% 44% 98. 5% x x x

Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at northern state-Dongola, Jan 06. Insecticide DDT area 4% Permethr Bendioca Malathio in 0. 75% rb 0. 1% n 5% Kaptood 97% (100) 99% (105) 100% (100) 99% (100) 100% (100) 100% (100) (North DONGOLA) Akja (DONGOLA town) Ertidi (South DONGOLA)

Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at New Halfa, Oct. –Dec. , ‘ 05 Insecticide Area DDT 4% Permethrin 0. 75% Bendeocarb% Malathion 5% New Halfa No. mosq. tested 97. 6% 245 100 % 280 100% 260 97. 7% 260 El Girba 96. 9% 160 99. 4% 160 96. 7% 120 99. 6% 240 98. 3% 240 100% 245 94. 6% 240 No. mosquito. tested Kassala No. mosquito. tested

Insecticide Resistance Management Use chemicals only when and where needed (IVM) Continuous use of a single product A shift to an other insecticide based on Resistance Rotation & mosaic ( Agr. & P. H. Gezira St. ) Collaboration with Agriculture

Pesticide Management Practices (policy & legislative frameworks)

Pesticide Regulations in Sudan Pesticide Act / 1974 amended to Pesticide and Pest Control Act / 1994; Regulates all activities related to pesticides import, transport, storage, u formulation …etc; NPC ; a multidisciplinary inter-ministerial committee, which includes representatives of all stakeholders; responsible for regulating Agric. , Hea and Vet. Pesticides, Chaired by Under Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture & DG of PPD as repertoire and Registrar; Registrar is responsible for all administrative and executive functions; Abroad umbrella law with various explanations and specific details dealt in seven relevant bylaws;

Pesticide Regulation in Sudan Pesticide Bylaws, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Trading and organization of the commercial handling of pesticides and control products bylaw for the year 2002; Pesticides and pest control products inspection bylaw for the year 2002 Organization of the storage and transport of pesticides and pest contro contr products bylaw for the year 2002; Protection of personnel dealing with pesticides and pest control produc produ bylaw for the year 2002; Importation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year Registration of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year Formulation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year

The Registration System of Pesticides in Sudan Form 1 for provisional registration submitted to NPC registrar; The NPC passes the form to the technical committee to review the information and either recommends to the NPC to reject or accept the provisional registration of the pesticide; Approval of provisional registration by NPC; Test by relevant research institutions under local conditions; Results of the test shall be approved by the NPDC which either recomm (or rejects) to the NPC the registration for commercial use; NPC reviews the recommendation of the NPDC and either approves it o rejects. Product registered for commercial use;

Registration System of Pesticides in Sudan: – Method of testing should follow the approved protocol; – Residues of the product tested in edible crops and/or the environmen should be within acceptable limits; – Standard treatment (s) must be included in every field assay and the standard should be an already registered product; – Test products are only recommended if their biological performance i good as or better than that of the standard products;

Registration Chart Import & Formulation license Application for provisional registration (form 1) Review and recommendation by the Technical committee of the NPC Consider the recommendation of the Technical committee by the NPC Provisional registration Commercial registration (form II and IV) Approval of commercial registration by NPC Review of results of field testing by NPDC and recommendation for commercial registration Field testing for 3 months to 3 years (form III and V for importation of samples for testing)

The Status, Quantities and Management of Obsolete Pesticide Stockpiles

Summary of Quantities POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers in Sudan* Item Total POPS Pesticides (Tons) Contaminated soil (Tons) 229. 445 8, 860. 51 Containers (Tons) 528. 84 In addition to 901 Tons cotton seeds dressed with POPs of Pesticides * Source: Multi-stake-holders National Coordinating Committee (MNCC) Inventory Report (2005)

Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers. Items in Different States of Sudan (2005) No. Site POPS 1 2 3 4 Northern St. River Nile St. Khartoum St. 06. 29 13. 73 03. 22 00. 00 0203. 10 0235. 92 0016. 80 0009. 00 36. 01 00. 00 03. 48 02. 00 5 6 White Nile St. 04. 18 00. 00 0396. 40 1942. 50 00. 00 02. 03 00. 04 58. 82 0005. 00 0059. 00 02. 00 13. 16 Gezira St. Sennar & Blue Nile States 7 Red Sea St. 8. 1 Kassala St. Pesticides(tons) Cont. soil Containers (Ton)

Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers. Items in Different States of Sudan (2005) No. Site POPS 8. 2 Gedarif St. 8. 3 9 10 11 12 a Cont. soil (Tons) Containers (Tons) 00. 00 008. 00 01. 00 (RAC. ) 03. 30 018. 00 09. 00 Bahr Eljabal State (Juba) W. Bahr Elghazal St. Upper Nile St. 00. 00 015. 00 16. 00 002. 00 005. 00 00. 00 Gezira Sch. (Managil) 12. 17 315. 40 42. 55 Pesticides(tons)

Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers. Items in Different States of Sudan (2005) No. Site 12. b Gezira Sch. 13. 1 POPS N. Kordofan Pesticides(Tons) 2324. 60 267. 29 14. 1 000. 40 S. Kordofan 001. 00 W. Kordofan 000. 00 N. Dar Fur 130. 30 1656. 20 0628. 92 0046. 07 0730. 60 074. 01 001. 89 000. 00 018. 10 14. 2 S. Dar Fur 000. 00 0153. 00 024. 22 14. 3 W. Dar Fur 000. 00 0090. 00 013. 10 13. 2 13. 3 ----- Cont. soil Containers (Tons)

Current Status, Constraints & Needs Stockpiles of pesticides for public health use are not creating a problem at present Main stockpiles are agricultural pesticides Storage is poor, All stockpiles are piled together, Hence contamination of the total estimated quantity i inevitable No facility for local disposal, International efforts nee

The Existing Mechanisms for Intersectoral Collaboration on Vector Control

Existing Mechanisms for Intersectoral Collaboration on Ve Control in Sudan Coordination: Health(National Malaria Control Program, Occupational Health Dept. State M. of Health) & Federal Min Multidisciplinary National Pesticide Council ( NPC): Ministry Of Health, Federal Ministry Of Agriculture. Ministry Of Environment And Tourism, & responsible for developing regulations governing use of all insecticides, including DDT, Cooperation: Agriculture & Ministry of Irrigation, water management, Partnership: Ministry Non-Governmental Organ (NGOs), Community-based organizations (Sudanese Women Union&(SWU) Sector Private e. g. ITNs,

Sudan National Inter- Sectoral Committee. Vector Control Needs Assessment for (VCNA) M. OF ENVIRONMENT & TOURISM FEDRAL M. OF HEALTH RESOURCE PERSON(S) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE Vector Control (IVM) WATER RESOURCES M. of Science & Technology STATE M. OF HEALTH Community-based Organizations (Sudanese Women Union) ACADEMIA UN Agencies NGOs Pesticides Company

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