The Finale of the Grand Review 1870 to

The Finale of the Grand Review: 1870 to the Present SECTION I: 1870 – 1918 A. AGE OF OPTIMISM 1. Material Base: great wealth – world domination – reform and 2. Non-material democratic movements – industrial growth – science and technological superiority Base: national consciousness – ideals of democracy – art and literature B. AGE OF OMENS 1. Alliances: prepared for confrontation – alliances, competition, and 2. militarism make confrontation inevitable Imperialism: customary use of force – competition – superiority complex – nationalistic pride 3. Militarism: preparedness for war – arms race – large reservoir of trained troops – naval competition – new developments in weaponry

AGE OF OMENS cont… 4. Industrialism: profit from arms race – competition – fear of being 5. Nationalism: 2 nd – need for war to detract from the growth of socialism – need to insure markets and resources exaggerated love for country – implied hatred of other nations – competition – desire for national self-determination especially among the Slavs C. MAJOR WARS 1. Crimean War 2. Seven Weeks’ War 3. Franco-Prussian War 4. Russo-Turkish War 5. Zulu wars 6. Russo-Japanese War 7. Balkan wars (to name just a few!) D. CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM 1. Economic: need for new markets – Second Industrial Revolution 2. Political: need for international prestige 3. Social: “White Man’s Burden” – resettle surplus population ie… Australia

D. CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM cont… 4. Defense: need for strategic naval and coaling stations around the world 5. Nationalism: prestige – desire to curtail others from taking lands E. IMPERIALISM AT WORK 1. China: extraterritoriality 2. Africa: outright annexation 3. Latin America: economic control 4. Ottoman Empire: political manipulation F. TERMS: 1. Revisionist Marxism: adapting Marx’s ideas to existing political structures – e. g. forming political parties and shifting from ballots to bullets 2. Social Darwinism: using Darwin’s ideas to justify European domination 3. Second Industrial Revolution & Corporate growth: consolidation of companies into corporations – dominance of finance capitalism – truly urban society.

F. TERMS: cont… 4. Freud: founder of psychoanalysis – emphasized sexual instincts – attempted to apply scientific basis to the operation of the human mind – personal guilt was replaced 5. Jung: disciple and co-worker with Freud – believed religious as well as sexual instincts had a dominating impact on the human mind 6. Einstein: developed theory of relativity G. WORLD WAR I: 1. CAUSES: alliance systems – imperialism – militarism – nationalism – industrialism – in summer of 1914, unreasonable militaristic forces outmaneuvered traditional diplomacy 2. CHART ON RESULTS OF WWI: Political: England’s empire enlarged – France’s empire enlarged – Germany lost territory as did Russia – U. S. A. returns to isolationism Economic: England never recovered – France is driven into bankruptcy – Germany into economic chaos and saddled with huge war debt (reparations) – Russia becomes a Communist society – U. S. A. creditor and money center of the world

CHART ON RESULTS OF WWI: cont… Social: England, tremendous class tension – France, a republic finally gained acceptance – Germany, end of monarchy & the Weimar Republic discredited from the beginning for signing the Versailles Treaty – Russia, end of monarchy, attempt to solve multi-nationality problem with the creation of the Soviet Union – U. S. A. disillusioned with war and rejection of the League of Nations SECTION II: 1918 – 1945 A. Russian Revolution: 1. Nature of Tsarist regime: harsh – incompetent – preposterous – out of touch with their people and the times 2. Revolution of 1905: popular uprising against government – Bloody Sunday revealed the true nature of the Tsar’s regime – did not succeed because army remained loyal to tsar and tsar promised constitutional reforms 3. Stolypin reforms: attempt to place private property in peasants’ hands – liberal attempt to bolster tsarist regime

A. Russian Revolution: cont… 4. February/March Revolution, 1917: chaos in the capital (Moscow) – collapse of Romanov rule 5. Establishment of Bolshevik power: Lenin’s return to Russia – Kornolov affair – October/November Revolution – Cheka – Red Army success in civil war over White Army – NEP New Economic Policy – attack on the Church B. Early Soviet Union: 1. New Economic Policy: failure of war, Communism led to accommodation with capitalism – economy revives to prewar level by 1926 2. Soviet attitude toward Church: confrontation between traditional Christianity and atheism – Marxists thesis that religion was the “opiate of the masses” – traditional alliance between Church and Romanov autocracy 3. Stalin and Totalitarianism: elimination of Trotsky – Five-Year Plans – collectivization of agriculture – purge trials

B. Early Soviet Union: cont… 4. Lenin’s alteration of Marxism: need for elite party to effect Communist revolution 5. Stalin’s alteration of Leninism: exclusive control by an individual over the party – cult of personality C. Totalitarianism: 1. Definition: complete domination of all aspects of human life by the state – not merely the political – meant to be a permanent societal phenomenon rather than an emergency measure 2. Totalitarianism of the Right: Hitler’s Germany stressing a vertical nationalistic society 3. Totalitarianism of the Left: Stalin’s Soviet Union stressing a worldwide classless society Results were the same!! D. Collapse of Democracies, 1919 – 1939: Some collapsed from lack of tradition, i. e. . Eastern Europe, others collapsed because of economic strains from WWI and the Great Depression

E. Collapse of German democracy and rise of Nazism: No tradition of democracy – war guilt clause – war reparations – inflation – ineffectiveness of Weimar Republic – economic crash of 1929 – intense revival of nationalism – need for protection from outside F. Vienna – Versailles – Yalta (A Comparison): Vienna was a negotiated peace treaty whereas Versailles and Yalta agreements were dictated terms of peace – according to Versailles and Yalta, losers were criminals whereas Vienna saw the vanquished as part of the traditional fabric of European society. G. TERMS: 1. League of Nations: collective security plan for resolving international problems 2. Rapallo: nations gathered to discuss armaments and their distribution and made agreements on Italian-Yugoslav border. 3. Locarno: agreements on reduction weapons and recognition of borders by Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg 4. Dawes Plan: U. S. proposal for economic restructuring of Germany 5. Kellogg-Briand Pact: international agreement to outlaw war

G. TERMS: cont… 6. Popular Fronts: coalitions of Left and Center against Right, especially in France and to a lesser degree in Spain. 7. Third Reich: Hitler’s Germany, 1933 – 1945 8. Francisco Franco: Right-wing victor of Spanish Civil War – established a fascist regime 9. Anschluss: unification of Germany and Austria 10. Munich Conference: last Allied effort to appease Hitler 11. Anti-Comintern Pact: German-Italian-Japanese alliance – (anti-Communist pact) 12. Nazi-Soviet Pact: ten-year nonaggression pact between the Soviet Union and Germany 13. Atlantic Charter: basis for postwar world order based to some extent of Wilson’s Fourteen Points 14. Pearl Harbor: aggressive Japanese surprise attack that facilitated U. S. entry into World War II – most experts agree that the attack was facilitated by the U. S. decision to deny Japan oil exports 15. Stalingrad: Soviet victory over Nazis that led to myth of Soviet invincibility – turned war in favor of allies

G. TERMS: cont… 16. D-Day: allies penetrated Fortress Europe – allied invasion force into German held territory in France 17. Yalta: design for conclusion of war – plan for Soviet entry into war in Far East after conclusion of the European phase of the WWII – proposals for postwar political adjustments 18. San Francisco Conference: formation of United Nations – another effort in the same mold as the League of Nations 19. Potsdam: final solution of the European borders and promises of postwar elections 20. Nuremberg Trials: trial of German political, civil, and military leaders for war crimes

SECTION III: 1945 – PRESENT: A. POST WWII IN EUROPE: 1. COLD WAR: Allied powers made up of Left and Center had succeeded in eliminating the Right (Nazi Germany and Japan) but now came apart – will be basically the Soviet Japan Bloc versus the U. S. & allies 2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE: U. S. military aid to oppose the spread of Communism in Greece and Turkey – ends U. S. peacetime isolation 3. MARSHALL PLAN: U. S. economic aid to combat spread of Communism in Western Europe 4. COMMINFORM: Soviet Union’s active promotion of Communist regimes around the world 5. N. A. T. O. : U. S. & allies military response to aggressive Soviet moves 6. WARSAW PACT: military alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern European states to offset the influence of NATO 7. Problem of Divided Germany: isolation of West Berlin with no land communication with the rest of Germany

B. POST WWII THE NON-WESTERN WORLD: 1. CHINA: Communist takeover in 1949 2. KOREA: Communist North Korean invasion of the South in 1950 – led to first sizable military action between the Left and Center 3. JAPAN: enforced Western style democracy prevented Russian participation and influence 4. INDIA: partition of India and Pakistan – growth of socialism and military dictatorships – achieved self-determination from British Empire 5. MIDDLE EAST: endless Arab-Israeli tension – establishment of Israel rejected by the Islamic world 6. VIET NAM: end of French colonialism – Communist involvement draws the U. S. into Viet Nam to intervene 7. AFRICA: decolonization – continued great problems C. TERMS: 1. Holocaust: German annihilation of European Jews 2. European Common Market: creation of European economic utility 3. Vatican Council II: Roman Catholic dialogue with world – reforms end

C. TERMS: 4. Pope John XXIII: proposed spirit of openness and accommodation while urging peace on earth 5. Existentialism: philosophy that holds that human experience is the only reality 6. SALT Treaties: attempts made by the U. S. and U. S. S. R. (Soviet Union) to limit strategic arms (nuclear weapons) 7. Détente: gradual relaxation of Cold War 8. Glasnost: new openness in Soviet Union under Gorbachev 9. Perestroika: Gorbachev’s attempt at restructuring Soviet Communism 10. Communist world, 1989: Gorbachev’s ideas spread, and Communist regimes were challenged – and then began to crumble – culminates with the symbolic tearing down of the Berlin Wall