The FINAL CHAPTER Cold War and Beyond

The FINAL CHAPTER… Cold War and Beyond

Development of the Cold War Before the end of WWII, the US and USSR had a common goal: defeat the enemy – now that the war was over disagreement became more pronounced What would post-war world look like? Stalin felt threatened by capitalism and the west felt threatened by communism! Differing historical perspectives: BOTH sides responsible for Cold War Power politics Soviets concerned about its western borders United States unwilling to give up its new power and prestige

Confrontation of the Superpowers Eastern Europe Question US/GB want self-determination and democratic freedom Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe out of fear of anti-Soviet attitude Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary, though many living in those areas opposed Greece and Turkey Civil war erupts between Communist People’s Liberation Army and anti-communist forces Brits initially help anti-communist forces but withdraw US alarmed – Communism is SPREADING! If one is lost to communism, the other will soon be too!

Confrontation of the Superpowers: US Fights Back! Communism seemed to thrive in areas experiencing economic disaster Truman Doctrine, 3/ 1947: $ in economic and military support to aid those nations struggling vs. communism Marshall Plan, 6/1947, European Recovery Program: $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe Soviet view this as capitalism imperialism and refuse help for themselves and their satellites, but have no way to financially counter US Ambassador to USSR George Kennan articulates containment policy 1947

Confrontation of the Superpowers: German Question Only thing allies agreed on was partitioning and de. Nazification! US and GB put as many Nazis on trial as possible at Nuremberg Soviets dismantle and remove factories (USSR and France only wanted to put the worst ones on trial) USSR takes reparations in form of industrial “booty” and moves 380 factories into the USSR German Communist Party established under Walter Ulbricht France, GB and US plan to merge their three parts of Germany: USSR feels threatened and responds with Blockade of Berlin, 1948 -1949 Berlin Airlift – 13 k tons of supplies flown to Berlin Blockade lifted 5/1949 Germany separated, 9 -10/1949 West German Federal Republic, September German Democratic Republic, October Berlin remains divided and tense

Confrontation of the Superpowers: Germany Divided Post-war German partition and Goering on trial at Nuremberg

Rivalry Heats Up… Communist win Chinese civil war, 1949 Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949 and arms race ensues… Alliances Form out of FEAR North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 (NATO) Defensive alliance Initially includes Belgium, Britain, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. W. Germany, Greece and Turkey later join Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 1949 (COMECON) Economic Alliance between eastern states Counters west’s alliances Warsaw Pact, 1955 Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E. Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Russia Military alliance Central Treaty Organization, 1955 (CENTO) Modeled after NATO: containment and support Involved US, GB, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Turkey Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 1954 (SEATO) Same idea as NATO – containment and support Involved US, GB, Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of China (Taiwan), and Thailand

Globalization of the Cold War: Korean War 1945 Korea is liberated from the Japanese 1950 Korean War ensues due to internal strife over communism North of 38 th parallel communist Democratic People’s Republic supported by USSR South of 38 th is Republic of Korea, supported by the US North Koreans invaded the south, 1950 Apparently, Stalin gave the “ok” US sees invasion as act of communist aggression and UN supports sending troops in led by General Mac. Arthur Chinese under Mao Zedong intervene when UN troops approach the border, forcing Mac. Arthur to retreat to the south Indecisive fighting lasts for two years Uneasy truce, 1953: 38 th parallel remained dividing line Confirmed fears of communist expansion

American troops advancing in Korean War

Tensions Continue to Rise… Presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, 1952 - 1960 Policy of massive retaliation Advocates formation of alliances Advocates use of atomic bomb in the event of Soviet expansion Death of Stalin, 1953: Hope for Peace? Eisenhower and Nicolai Bulganin (Premier 2/55 -3/58) meet with no positive results When USSR crushes Hungary’s independence movement, it is clear relations are NOT warming up 8/1957 USSR launches first ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) 10/57 USSR launches Sputnik I, first space satellite US is crapping proverbial pants!

Tensions Continue to Rise… Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet Premier 3/58 -10/64 Berlin Crisis: Khrushchev threatens Eisenhower, but backs down… Berlin Wall, 1961 built by East German government U-2 Incident: US spy plane shot down over USSR President John F. Kennedy (1917 -1963) Bay of Pigs fiasco over Castro in Cuba, 4/1961 Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959 Established a communist regime Summit meeting in Vienna, 6/61: Khrushchev tells Kennedy to GET OUT of W. Berlin but Kennedy does not back down 1962: USSR places missiles in Cuba – close to US! US, meanwhile had missiles in Turkey, close to USSR US blockade of Cuba so missiles cannot arrive – provides time for negotiation Khrushchev agrees to send missiles back if Kennedy agrees not to invade Cuba A VERY CLOSE CALL! US and USSR also agree to ban nuclear tests in the atmosphere

Soviet missile installation in Cuba

Vietnam War Vietnamese defeat French colonial masters in 1954 leaving a Vietnam divided In North, nationalist regime under Ho Chi Minh receives aid from the USSR In the South, Americans encourage pro-Western regime under Ngo Dinh Diem Bu 1960 s, US grew restless with Diem’s regime as many Vietcong (South Vietnamese guerillas who sided with the North) infiltrated 1963 American government supports a military coup to over throw Diem, but the replacement is no better! 1964 LBJ sends troops into Vietnam to keep communism contained in north Despite superior weapons, US unable to defeat North and Vietcong Many in South Vietnam did not support US involvement and sheltered VC Antiwar sentiment on US soil – demonstrations 1973 Nixon withdraws US troops and Vietnam remains troubled

Europe and the World: Decolonization WWI and II accelerated process of decolonization – if self determination was paramount, why not in these regions? Asia Japanese had already destroyed Euro hold on E. Asia European nations could not spend remaining resources maintaining colonies post-war and many willingly relinquished them US grants independence to Philippines (1946) British follow with India Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948 GB relinquishes Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) in 1948 Dutch relinquish Indonesia 1949 Others needed to be driven out (France) Lose battle for Indochina to Ho Chi Minh, 1954, and Laos and Cambodia follow. Vietnam divided until elections could be held in 1956 - did not happen N-S (Commie-Western) divisions eventually explode into Vietnam War

China Under Communism Chiang Kai-shek (1887 -1975) Mao Zedong (1893 -1976) Victory in 1948 Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan Collectivization of all farmland most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955 Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 -57): recruit or trap intellectuals? Great Leap Forward, 1958 Transform China from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of mass agriculture, industrialization, and collectivization Ended in disaster and famine – 20 million deaths! Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966 -1976 Violent youth movement orchestrated by Mao to terminate 'Four Olds' of Chinese society (old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas) Books, art, museums, temples, shrines, and other heritage sites destroyed by Red Guards and streets were renamed with new revolutionary names Mao’s death in 1976 ends movement

SE Asia in the Post Colonial World

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Conflict in the Middle East GB leaves Palestine to Jews and Arabs – whose is it? US creates Jewish state and Arab state This settlement creates ongoing tension between the two Emergence of new independent states Arab League, 1945 Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews President Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish state within Palestine Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948 The move angers the Arab states Palestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964 Yasir Arafat (b. 1929) June 5, 1967, the Six Day War begins

Post Colonial Africa France cannot maintain control over colonies Morocco and Tunisia relinquished in 1956 Attempt to maintain control over Algeria National Liberation Front (FLN) initiates guerilla warfare for independence in 1954 De. Gaulle eventually grants independence in 1962 Ghana attains independence in 1957, and other French and British holdings follow 1960 Belgians free Congo (Zaire) and Portuguese are forced out of S. Africa by 1975 European influence continued, however… Three Worlds emerge: 1 st – US and other industrialized states 2 nd – USSR and its satellites 3 rd – unindustrialized, “backward” countries newly liberated Considered “developing” Many attempted to modernize by westernizing, losing their own culture

Recovery and Renewal in Europe: Stalin’s USSR Post WWII – USSR devastated – recovery needed! Stalin reverts to 1930 s plan of increasing 2 nd 5 -Year Plan Propaganda Poster manufacturing and consuming little: Second Five-Year Plan Hard work with few benefits: housing shortages, consumer shortages, toll on women in heavy industry By 1947 The Soviet Union had attained prewar levels and by 1950, industrial production was 40% higher still! Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953 Treatment of returning soldiers to avoid spread of western ways Scientific and literary works censored: purges seemed imminent!

Recovery and Renewal in Europe: Khrushchev eventually replaced Stalin after brief turbulent period and denounces Stalin Increased intellectual freedom, ended forced labor camps, emphasized light industry and consumer goods, reduced power of secret police and closed many Siberian prison camps “de. Stalinization” caused uprisings in satellites, but USSR put down these attempts (Hungary) These changes, though more humane, hurt economically and industrial growth rate plummeted Khrushchev’s popularity waned: Cuban Missile Crisis last straw Voted out due to “poor health” in 1964 His “loyal friend” Brezhnev took over

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain In 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the Balkans Communist governments were under the control of the Soviet Union Albania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more independent Josip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia Eastern European countries followed the Soviet pattern Five year plans and farm collectivization Seizure of industrial machinery Khrushchev’s Rule Khrushchev interferes less with the satellite countries Rebellion in Poland Wladyslaw Gomulka , 1956, elected first secretary Poland follows its own socialist plan Hungary Imry Nagy declares independence Khrushchev sends troops into Budapest: Nagy replaced with Janos Kadar Czechoslovakia Novotny forced out by writer’s rebellion under Vaclav Havel Alexander Dubcek declares reforms: “Prague Spring” (1968) Red Army crushes movement and Gustav Husak replaces Dubcek Czech remains loyal to Soviets until 1987

Western Europe: Revival of Democracy and Economy Challenges: rebuild economy, recreate democratic institution after wartime, counter growth of communism Communist Challenge and Party Politics Communist prestige due to Nazi resistance Joined up with other left-wing parties to form coalitions quite popular in areas with wide economic rift between “haves” and “have nots” By 1950 s support for these parties waned – replaced with more moderate ones Europe recovered rapidly from World War II Marshall Plan money was important to the recovery ($9. 4 bil) Nearly full employment in western Europe!

Western Europe: Revival of Democracy and Economy France: The Domination of De Gaulle Charles de Gaulle (1890 -1970) Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France French Popular Movement Algerian crisis Defeat in Indochina Fifth Republic, 1958 Powers of the President enhanced Invested heavily in the nuclear arms race Economic growth but… neglect of schools, hospitals, housing Increased cost of living 45% up from 58 -68! Student riots, May 1968 De. Gaulle manages to restore order but government shaken Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969 (Death in 1970)

Western Europe: Revival of Democracy and Economy West Germany: A New Nation? Konrad Adenauer (1876 -1967) Reconciliation with France Resurrection of the economy Adenauer succeed by Ludwig Erhard. Great Britain: The Welfare State Clement Atlee (1883 -1967) British Welfare State National Insurance Act and National Health Service Act (1946) Meant dismantling of the British Empire Continued economic problems Loss of status as world power Italy Monarchy abolished in favor of democratic regime (7/1946) Christian Democrats Regional discrepancies continued

Western Europe: The Move toward Unity Military alliances such as NATO Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) Schuman Declaration (1950) Proposed by French foreign Minister Robert Schuman new form of organization of States in Europe called a supranational Community Initially results in European Coal and Steel Community Forerunner to EU (European Union) European Economic Community (Common Market) Eliminates customs barriers 2 nd only to US in steel production EURATOM

American Politics and Society in the 1950 s and 60 s Influence of the New Deal on Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Prosperity of the 1950’s Mc. Carthyism and the “Red Scare” Great Society War on Poverty Job Corps Department of Housing and Urban Development Civil Rights Act, 1964 Voting Rights Act, 1965 Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 -1968) Malcolm X Summer of 1965 Antiwar protests Kent State University, 1970

Postwar Society The Structure of European Society Middle class joined by new group of white collar workers Further urbanization Rising income Mass tourism Women’s Changing Roles Participation in the workforce declines until end of 1950 s “Baby boom” Birth control Increased employment in the 1960 s Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation Right to vote Simone de Beauvoir and The Second Sex, 1949 Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique

Revolutions: Sexual & Student Permissive Society Sexual revolution Breakdown of the traditional family Drug culture Education and Student Revolt Higher education becoming more widespread Problems Overcrowding Professors who paid too little attention to students Authoritative administrators Seemingly irrelevant education Student strikes in France, 1968 (U of Nanterre) W. Berlin protest vs. Springer Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam

The Explosion of Popular Culture as a Commodity Mass consumer society Americanization of the World Movies, music, advertising, and television British Broadcasting Corporation Rock-and-roll Beatles Elvis Presley

From Cold to Thaw…Détente and… Détente: Reduction of tension between superpowers beginning in 1970 s. ABM – Antiballistic Missiles Treaty 1972 Fear of ICBMs with MIRVs Helsinki Agreements 1975 Post-WWII borders recognized Acknowledgement of Soviet sphere of influence Protection of human rights End of Détente 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Carter cannot continue détente and boycotts Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980 Embargo on grain shipments to USSR Regan and the “evil empire” Arms race renewed SDI “Star Wars” Support to Afghani rebels vs. Soviet control

End of Cold War Gorbachev as premier 1985: reform necessary in weakening Soviet state Glasnost: openness Perestroika: restructuring Collectively known as Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” INF Treaty 1987 (Reagan-Gorbie) disarmament 1988 USSR withdraws from Afghanistan 1988 -90 Collapse of communism Congress of People’s Deputies replaces Supreme Soviet as nation’s legislature: freer elections, end of commie monopoly New congress demands reform Reform sweeps through eastern Europe Solidarity Movement in Poland (Lech Walesa) similar reforms in Czech, Hungary, Bulgaria 11/1989 Berlin Wall breached 10/1999: Germany reunited and joins NATO Warsaw Pact dissolved 11/90: Cold War ends: Charter for a New Europe signed STAR signed 7/1991 (Bush-Gorbie) reducing long-range nukes Coup of Gorbie – Yeltsin replaces Independence of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania Late 1991: Russia, Ukraine and Belarus form Commonwealth of Independent States, ending Soviet Union

Post-Cold War Test: Gulf War 8/1990: Iraqi forces move into Kuwait claiming Kuwait was stealing their oil and that Kuwait was legally part of Iraq US sends troops in to liberate Kuwait early 1991 Soviets supported US efforts but played a minor role US now plays leading role in world with disintegration of USSR

Unrest in the East Lech Walesa in Poland 12/1990 Kadar’s “facelift” for communism not enough for Hungary Revival of Havel in Czechoslovakia Ceausescu in Romania and the National Salvation Front Bulgaria and Zhivkov Alia in Abania Reunified Germany 1950 s under Ulbricht and the 1953 revolt The Wall Honecker and the Stasi Demonstrations and the demise of communism Yugoslavia Tito’s death Ethnic tension Milosovic and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia

Discussion Questions What was the reasoning behind the ending of colonial holdings? What changes in the Eastern European countries took place under Khrushchev? Why would France not become third super power that De Gaulle wanted? What societal changes, especially in the US, took place in the 1970’s?

Web Links Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Korean War Nikita Khrushchev Cuban Missile Crisis Iron Curtain Charles de Gaulle Palestine Liberation Organization Mao Zedong