The Fight for North America Focus Question

The Fight for North America

Focus Question Evaluate the influence of the French presence in North America on developments in the relationship between Britain and the thirteen colonies before 1764.

French Motivations and the New World ¢ ¢ ¢ Late bloomer in conquest of New World 1608– settled in Quebec- St. Lawrence river Samuel de Champlain- “Father of New France” l ¢ ¢ Relationship with Indians (Iroquois) Government of New France-Population in New France by 1750 ----

France in the New World ¢ New France spreads out--l Fur trade l French influence in Midwest: l Drawbacks of fur trade--l Protection against Spain’s forts- MS. & LA. Territories (most important. New Orleans)

Key Groups/People ¢ Jesuits— ¢ Antoine Cadillac--- ¢ Robert de La Salle ¢ Forts- New Orleans (1718)

French Jesuits (Catholic missionaries)

The Deerfield Massacre POA- 47 -54 ¢ 3 - interesting facts ¢ 2 - questions that you have from this era ¢ 1 - concept you didn’t know

Historical Perspective Writing History is meant to teach us “empathy”- to put ourselves in other’s shoes. ¢ Additionally, you need to work on 50 word responses (short answer)& descriptive writing ¢ Thus, for the following activity, you will get 7 minutes per “perspective” to write as if you were this person in approximately 50 wordsi. e. 1 paragraph. ¢ Be sure to include feelings, emotions, but also historical points from the incident. l For example, why do you think Eunice stayed with the Native Americans? ¢

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Contrasting Empires “The English had come to the New World to settle; the French had come not to settle, but to make money, by creating a fur-trading empire in Canada. Instead of exterminating the Indians, the French learned their language, traded, formed alliances, and even intermarried with them and sought to convert them to the Catholic faith. As imperial England imperial France clashed on the American continent, the French army and its Indian allies fought a series of wars with the English army in America in which the American colonials were a ‘junior partner. ’”

Empires Clash Contest between Britain, France, Spain ¢ 1688 -1763 - four European wars for New World and control of Europe ¢ • • King William’s War Queen Anne’s War of Jenkins’ Ear Eventually– Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) • Period of “salutary neglect” for the colonists • War breaks out in Ohio River Valley (1750 s)

French/Indian War (Seven Years’ War) ¢ ¢ ¢ England, Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia Bloodiest fighting in Europe 1754 --- Albany Congress • Intercolonial congress • Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan-- • British perspective • Colonists’ perspective ¢ British invade Canada • William Pitt--- “Great Commoner”- (status of Parliament) • Battle of Quebec ¢ Peace of 1763 ---

Results of French/Indian War---Colonists--Tensions with Britain--Colonial Unity? ---Removal of France… Spain & Indians’ a reduced threat * Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) * Proclamation Line of 1763 --New vision for colonists--

Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763

The Road to Revolution: 1763 -1775 When did the “revolt” begin? ¢ American environment--¢ • Not the tradition & hierarchy • No longer “transplanted” English after 150 years

1763: English Policy Shifts ¢ Mercantilism to Imperialism--Why? l British perspective--l Colonist perspective(s)--l

Mercantilism ¢ ¢ Colonies acquired by “a fit of absentmindedness”-----Mercantilism– shaped policies of all European countries- 1500 s-1700 s • Country’s economic wealth (military & political power) measured by gold/silver in treasury • Colonies exist to raise standard of living of government and nation • Country must export more than it imports ¢ ¢ Advantages of having colonies---Strong, central gov’ts to enforce mercantile policies

Parent Dynamic of Mercantilis m

Role of Colonies in Mercantilism Colonists Expected To: ¢ Furnish products needed in England ¢ Buy British! ¢ Avoid economic independence and selfgovernment ¢ Ensure British military supremacy ¢ Don’t trade with other European powers

Ensuring Mercantilism Occurs… Navigation Laws– (1650)- restricted commerce to and from the colonies to England- keeps $$ in British Empire ¢ Currency--- no banks allowed in colonies ¢ Bartering common- lack of gold/silver l Privy Council- any laws in colonies that contradict King- reviewed (royal veto) l

Reality of Mercantilism Navigation Laws (1650 -1776) ¢ but remind me… what was salutary neglect (1688 -1763? ) ¢ Not enforced for most of the time l Colonists paid little attention to them l British were lax in enforcement l So, who’s at fault with this one? ¢ (remember, history is an argument over how we interpret events!!) ¢

A Mercantile Relationship

+ of Mercantilism ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Guaranteed trading partner London provided price supports to those who produced for military VA. Planters guaranteed a monopoly of British markets Americans had same rights as Englishmen Didn’t have to tax themselves against foreign threats (French, Spanish) Enjoyed British protection Average American more well off than average Englishmen in 1775 “By golly, those gents have it pretty good over there!!”

- Of Mercantilism ¢ ¢ ¢ Start to enforce Navigation Laws after 1763 Not under “most profitable” conditions Regional favoritism--- which? l l ¢ Virginians at mercy of British “being milked like cows” “We have an old mother than peevish is grown; She snubs us like children that scarce walk alone; She forgets we’re grown up and have sense of our own. ” • Ben Franklin “ That picture up there ain’t too appealing Lord Snobbington!”

Colonists’ Reaction Royal Seal

Stamp Act Crisis- 1765 F/I War caused tremendous debt in England ¢ Colonists– help out! Quarter troops! ¢ PM- George Grenville ¢ Sugar Act (1764) l Quartering Act (1765) l Stamp Act (1765) l • Purpose-- • British perspective--

Reaction Jeopardized basic rights as Englishmen ¢ Colonists tried in admiralty courts ¢ “No taxation without representation!” ¢ Distinction between “legislation” and “taxation” ¢ l l l ¢ ¢ Role of Parliament Grenville- “virtual representation” Power of Parliament cannot be divided Should British gov’t let colonists be represented? Virtual representation vs. Actual Representation

Reaction cont. ¢ Stamp Act Congress Nine colonies meet in NYC l Statement of grievances l Importance of S. A. Congress--l ¢ Nonimportation agreements l Sons of Liberty/Daughters of Liberty Loud demands for repeal! ¢ Parliament repeals- passes ¢ Declaratory Act of 1766 ---¢

Taxes, Taxes… Charles Townshend- PM ¢ Townshend Acts (1767) ¢ Tea really irked colonists l Used $$ to pay salaries of royal governors and judges Why colonists didn’t like this… Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer (John Dickinson) l Smuggling of tea ¢ British put regiments into Boston- 1768 ¢

Boston “Massacre” ¢ ¢ ¢ Colonials resented British troops Boston is NOT a “military” town March 5, 1770 l l l 60 townspeople turned on 10 Redcoats British troops opened fire Killed 5, wounded 6 Crispus Attucks John Adams called on to defend the troops Why would Adams do this? !

How could this colonial-era picture be considered “propaganda? ”

Tensions Boil Over- 1773 -1775

Committees of Correspondence ¢ Townshend duties failed to raise revenue l l ¢ Parliament repeals Townshend duties Tax on tea was kept to ensure taxation principle Sam Adams--- “penman of the revolution” l Local committees of correspondence • Chief function— l Intercolonial committees of correspondence • Effectiveness--

Let’s Have a Tea Party!!! 1773 - rebellion not inevitable ¢ British East India Company 17 million lbs. of unsold tea ¢ Awarded complete monopoly over colonies ¢ Tea turned away ¢ Boston--¢ Dec. 16, 1773 ¢ Sam Adams and Sons of Liberty l Reaction--- oooops! l

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) ¢ Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party • • ¢ ¢ ¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. Quebec Act (separate but … bad timing) Mass. made mistake- did Britain make a bigger mistake? Colonies rallied around Mass.

Continental Congress Called!!!! Fall of 1774 ¢ Meeting in Philadelphia • 12 colonies (except Georgia) ¢ First Continental Congress • • ¢ ¢ ¢ Deliberated from Sept. 5 - Oct. 26 Consultive body Creation of The Association BOYCOTT No drive towards independence Creation of list of grievances Congress would reconvene in May 1775 • (what happens in April 1775? )

Battles of Lexington and Concord April 1775 ¢ British attempting to: ¢ • seize colonial gunpowder • Capture John Hancock & Sam Adams Lexington Massacre ¢ British suffered 300 casualties (70 killed) at Concord ¢ “An Old Soldier Remembers…”

Battle Royale- Britain vs. Colonies ¢ British Strengths— l Population l Military power • Hessians ¢ British Weaknesses--l European backdrop l British public reluctance l “Whig” faction of British gov’t wanted to see king fail (supporters of Parliament) l Military difficulties l Distance l Geography- colonists have “home-court” advantage l “trade space for time” … what does this mean?

Battle Royale- Britain vs. Colonies ¢ ¢ ¢ Colonists’ Strengths--Leadership l George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette Defensive fighting Moral advantage? Colonial Weaknesses--l Poor organization l State and sectional jealousies l Economic issues “minority movement”-----

Your 1 st ONE PAGER- 1763 -1775 ar of w k rea utb h. O wit ses llap Co sm tili can r Me … Central theme/symbol to work information around---Names, Quotes, Questions, Issues, Events, Places, Terminology, Key People, factual statements… (see ex. )--- sheet should be littered with these … (very little white space!)

Taking Up Arms …

Raising a Military 20, 000 men- to Boston after Lexington/Concord ¢ Second Continental Congress- May 10, 1775 ¢ Address grievances ¢ George Washington selected to head military ¢ l Why GW?

War of Inconsistencies- 1775 -1776 June 1775 - Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill) ¢ “Olive Branch Petition”¢ August 1775¢ Hessians--¢ Conquering Canada? (umm…. ) - get French aid? British set fire to Norfolk, VA. ¢

Too Late to Apologize ….

Common Sense? ¢ ¢ ¢ Independence in Jan. 1776? Increasingly harsh British---Publication of Common Sense l Thomas Paine • Inconsistencies don’t make sense!! … hey! Get it? ! • Republicanism-- • “virtue”-- • Egalitarianism--- • Defining republicanism lasts another 100 years

Declaring Independence ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ June 7, 1776 - Richard Henry Lee— Committee of five to draft declaration– (turned over to T. J. ) Motion adopted on July 2, 1776 “Explanation of Independence” Grievances addressed to the Crown? - not Parliament? Jefferson’s version vs. the “Final Draft” Reflection of Enlightenment values “We must all hang together. ” - Ben Franklin

War for Independence 1775 -1783

The War for Independence: 1775 -1783 Division in the Colonies ¢ ¢ ¢ Impact of D. O. I. — “war within a war”— Loyalists= Tories l l ¢ Patriots= Whigs l l Who were they? Where were they? Why wasn’t this as bloody as the French or Russian Revolutions? “minority movement”— l ¢ Who were they? Where were they?

1776: From Despair to Triumph Boston evacuated (March) ¢ British in NYC– benefits-¢ Battle of Long Island ¢ Gen. William Howe-¢ Washington at Trenton, Princeton ¢ l Significance of victories--

British Strategy in the Colonies ¢ Cut NE off from coloniesparalyze American cause l Burgoyne pushes south & meets Howe coming up Hudson l Howe goes to Philly instead (2 nd set of orders) l America: Story of Us video clip

Bring in the French! ¢ ¢ Burgoyne trapped north of Albany by militiamen Battle of Saratoga (Oct. 1777) l Victory revives colonial cause l Gets France involved l See the colonists as a legitimate threat to British l Enlightenment ideals fuel many in France

Impact of French Involvement ¢ ¢ ¢ France aids colonists Britain— l Home rule? l Not enough anymore French alliance in 1778 Colonial war goes global--l Spain, Holland also enter l Why? Britain now focuses on NY area- base GW will remain in NY hitting off and on from 1778 -1781

British Strategy Part II: The Loyal South? ? ¢ ¢ Roll up the colonies from the South Gen. Nathaniel Greene– Out west-- • Role of Indians • Treaty of Fort Stanwix— • George Rogers Clark At sea-- • John Paul Jones • Privateers

1. 1776 -1777 - cut the “head” off the colonies 3. Britain has control of sea- forces at Chesapeake Bay (Yorktown) 2. “roll up” on the South

End of the “Formal” Fighting 1780 -1781 - very “dark” period of warno $$ to pay soldiers, colonists invested in war ¢ Sense of unity withering ¢ Battle of Yorktown--¢ video clip

1783: Peace at Paris ¢ Three American negotiators • Ben Franklin • John Adams • John Jay Playing off European rivals— ¢ Treaty of Paris ¢ • Conditions¢ New Nation Emerges-

Socratic Question #1 Discuss the validity of the mercantilist philosophy as adopted by the British in the 1600 s as well as how this economic philosophy evolved by the time the colonists openly rebelled in the 1770 s.

Socratic Question #2 To what extent had the colonists developed a sense of their identity and unity as Americans by the eve of the Revolution?