The Factory System and Living Working Conditions

The Factory System and Living & Working Conditions Chapter 13 Section 2 and 3

I. ) Machines Change the Workforce A. Unskilled workers learned to operate machine in a few days B. Women and Children 1. could operate machines 2. did not expect high wages 3. did not have set work habit C. Skilled workers find it tough to find work

II. ) Wage System A. Everyone employed by factory owner B. Paid based on: 1. hours worked 2. amount produced 3. number of workers available 4. cost to make product 5. wages of comparable jobs C. Men paid higher than women D. Little opportunity for advancement

III. ) Working Conditions in Factories A. B. C. D. Strict rules or face loss of pay Unsanitary conditions Unsafe conditions 14 hr days & 6 days a week

IV. ) Working Class Living Conditions A. Workers lived crowded single family apartment buildings called tenements B. Dirty and Smelly C. Small diets

V. ) Life of the Middle Class A. Rise of Industry and Cities = Rise of Middle Class Examples: bankers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, engineers, professors, and factory managers B. Based on economic standing rather than birth C. Lifestyle: 1. larger homes in less crowded neighborhood 2. men wore suits & women wore frills and lace 3. owned property, ate well, owned servants 4. children attended schools 5. leaders sought their advice

VI. ) Women in the Industrial Revolution A. B. C. D. Women’s role changes when moved to city Many took jobs in textile mills or factories Others domestic service (maids, cooks, nannies) Middle Class women did not need to work Overall Results: - independence - earned a living - colleges created

VII. ) The Role of the Factory A. Division of Labor- factory owners divided manufacturing process between workers & machines Result: - more produced in shorter time - lowers cost of production - increased profits

B. Interchangeable Parts: parts made by machines which were all alike Results: - quicker production - easy to create by unskilled labor C. Mass Production: system of producing large numbers of identical items D. Assembly Line: all products brought together and assembled at one location from worker to worker Example: Henry Ford’s production of the automobile

VIII. ) Rise of the Corporation A. Sole Proprietorship: a business owned an run by one person B. Partnership: a business owned and run by two or more people C. Corporation: a business which allows people to buy stock in the company and run by a director elected by stockholders Result: - easier to raise money needed to run and expand the business - J. P. Morgan: founder of United States Steel Company and first billion-dollar corporation

D. Monopoly: a corporation that gains complete control of the production or sale of a single good or service E. Cartel: corporations which control entire industries F. Business Cycle: pattern of alternating cycles of prosperity and decline G. Depression: period in which the decreased demand for goods causes the economy to sink