The effects of men’s labor migration on rural women’s socioeconomic conditions, social networks, and reproductive behavior in Armenia (preliminary results of a sociological study) CRRC 23 -Nov-05 1
Prepared by: Victor Agadjanian, Ph. D Cecilia Menjívar, Ph. D Arizona State University, USA Gohar Shahnazaryan, Ph. D Sociology Master’s students Yerevan State University CRRC 23 -Nov-05 2
Conceptual framework and research questions How does husband’s migration affect… • Household’s material conditions? • Women’s economic activities? • Marriage and family dynamics? • Women’s social ties? • Women’s health, reproductive behavior and plans? • Women’s gender roles and attitudes? • Psychological issues and religion? CRRC 23 -Nov-05 3
The study design • Funded by a grant from Arizona State University Institute for Social Science Research and the School of Social and Family Dynamics • Conducted as part of a Master’s level “Sociological Practicum” course • Students involved in all stages of the project (including this presentation!) • It is a pilot study which (hopefully) will lead to a larger study CRRC 23 -Nov-05 4
The Study Design (cont. ) The study was conducted in rural areas of two marzes—Tavush and Ararat Tavush—a poorer, more economically depressed marz, with a high level of out-migration. Ararat—a more affluent and economically dynamic marz, closer to Yerevan, less out-migration Data collection: • Carried out in late September-October 2005, i. e. just before most seasonal migrants return home • A probability survey of 1040 married women in 52 villages • A community (village) survey • Qualitative in-depth interviews with 27 women whose husbands are current migrants or were in migration in 2005 • All participants received a symbolic gift (coffee + chocolate) CRRC 23 -Nov-05 5
Ararat CRRC 23 -Nov-05 6
Tavush CRRC 23 -Nov-05 7
Ararat CRRC 23 -Nov-05 8
Tavush CRRC 23 -Nov-05 9
The Survey: Sampling • 26 villages in each marz (52 in total) were selected with the probability proportional to estimated population size • Within each village, the goal was to interview 20 married women aged 18 -45: 10 whose husbands are current/recent migrants and 10 whose husbands are not current/recent migrants • In each village, 10 interviewers, 2 interviews per interviewer • In each village, 10 first addresses were selected randomly from the village household lists • The remaining 10 (or more if prior non-response) addresses were selected using a random walking algorithm. Important: the survey was not meant to produce a representative migration profile of the rural population but to compare women whose husbands are migrants and those whose husbands are not migrants. CRRC 23 -Nov-05 10
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Sampling (cont. ) Locating second respondent: • If the first respondent is married to a non-migrant, the second should be one married to a migrant (and vice versa) • If no respondent of desired migration status is found at fifth house, the residents are asked where the nearest woman with a migrant husband lives. That woman is interviewed. • If in the fifth visited residence no one knows where a woman with desired characteristics lives, the interviewer goes to a next residence following the same algorithm to interview a married woman regardless of her migration status. CRRC 23 -Nov-05 12
Sampling (cont. ) Challenges: • Availability of household rosters: if not available, we selected starting points in different parts of the village • Availability of people (many are busy in the fields, working, attending events, etc. ) • Availability of “migrants, ” especially in Tavush: – – – Migration as a family or by unmarried men Խոպան by married men relatively uncommon “Migrant” households are spatially clustered Resulting sample: 62% Non-migrants; 38% Migrants Lower percentage of migrants in Tavush than in Ararat Why? A different pattern of migration CRRC 23 -Nov-05 13
Survey instrument Five parts: A. Respondent’s demographic characteristics B. Marriage and husband’s characteristics (including husband’s migration) C. Health and reproduction D. Social ties and community E. Gender attitudes F. Household characteristics and time-use CRRC 23 -Nov-05 14
Fieldwork: Challenges and solutions • Timing of fieldwork: Weekends—to maximize availability of both respondents and interviewers, but… – In rural areas weekends are no less busy that weekdays, especially during the harvest time Whenever possible, the selected households were revisited until the respondent is available – Elections in some villages and related village politics We emphasized that our study had nothing to do with politics – Unavailability of community leaders on weekends We notified them in advance about our study. In a few cases, no advance contact could be established and no residential lists could be obtained. • Interviewer-Respondent Age difference: no apparent effect • Interviewer-Respondent cultural background differences: no apparent effects • Some respondents thought we represent the health services CRRC 23 -Nov-05 15
Fieldwork: Challenges and solutions (cont. ) • Some thought we represented social assistance agencies and expected assistance (or saw threat to assistance they were already receiving) underreporting of wealth, income? • Some women suspected that we represented religious organizations: We emphasized that we don’t • Yet, overall the refusal rate was very low • Questionnaire content: – Some items were “culturally” difficult: • Abstract questions • Notions of “work” and “working” • Questions dealing with social interactions and ties • Question on sexual violence – Recall problems: age, year/month of events, number of repeated events – Underreporting: income, help from/to others, cooperation CRRC 23 -Nov-05 16
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Community survey • Collected by supervisors from գյուղապետ or secretary • General demographic characteristics • Economic characteristics • Living conditions and services • Assessment of labor out-migration CRRC 23 -Nov-05 18
Survey data processing CSPro software – Designed by the US Census Bureau and Micro International – Widely used for survey data processing (including in Armenia) – Convenient interface, supports Armenian fonts – Elaborate system of filters and checks – Available free of charge on the Internet – Regularly updated – On-line technical support is free and efficient Double-entry to ensure quality CRRC 23 -Nov-05 19
Qualitative (in-depth) interviews • 27 women married to migrants in both marzes (two villages in Tavush and one in Ararat) • The interview guide followed themes and topics of the survey but explored them in greater depth • Most interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim CRRC 23 -Nov-05 20
Qualitative (in-depth) interviews (cont. ) Interview guide – to complement and expand on the survey Main themes: § Marriage § Children § Work § Religion § Social networks CRRC 23 -Nov-05 21
Qualitative (in-depth) interviews: Challenges and solutions • • Content issue Women tend to answer “yes” and “no” Women want to please the interviewers Women were afraid of tape-recording of interviews • Second visit • Cultural differences • Building rapport with respondents CRRC 23 -Nov-05 22
Data analysis: survey • Descriptive and bivariate explorations § “Migrants” vs. “Non-Migrants” comparison“Migrants”: § Definitions of migrants: 1. Husband was in migration 3 months or more, or 2. Husband is current migrant or return less than a month ago § Ararat vs. Tavush comparison § Separate analyses for “migrants” only • Multivariate analyses—to establish net effect of husband’s migration on outcomes of interest: OLS regression, Poisson regression, and logistic regression • Analyses are done using SPSS and SAS CRRC 23 -Nov-05 23
Data analysis: survey (cont. ) • • Demographics Economic conditions Health Reproduction Social ties Migration attitudes and prospects Decision-making and gender attitudes CRRC 23 -Nov-05 24
Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Demographics Migrant Woman’s age (mean) Age difference (husband-wife) Age at first marriage (mean) Officially registered marriage (%) Woman’s educational level (%) Incomplete secondary Complete secondary Secondary special Incomplete or complete higher Educational differences husb-wife (%) Wife more educated Equally educated Husband more educated Non-Migrant 36. 6 4. 4 19. 7 93. 1 33. 0 4. 6 20. 0 85. 0 5. 3 42. 2 44. 2 8. 3 7. 3 47. 4 35. 6 9. 8 26. 4 51. 4 22. 1 30. 4 45. 0 24. 6 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 25
Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Demographics CRRC 23 -Nov-05 26
Income and economic activities HH total income (D/month) (mean) In Ararat In Tavush Migrant 78200 89500 58800 Non-migrant 55200 66200 46200 HH income per head (mean) In Ararat In Tavush 14900 17200 11200 10200 12600 8230 Woman works for income (%) 14. 7 Woman’s monthly earnings (mean) 28500 (n=152) Took loan from a bank(%) 26. 1 16. 6 24000 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 22. 4 27
HH material characteristics Migrant Rooms used for sleeping (mean) Residents per room (mean) Household owns a car (%) HH owns a refrigerator (%) HH owns a color TV (%) HH owns a video or DVD (%) HH owns gas or elect. stove (%) Woman owns a cell phone (%) Woman ate meat in past wk (%) Non-migrant 2. 4 2. 7 28. 5 74. 4 87. 4 46. 8 76. 2 18. 7 50. 0 2. 3 2. 7 41. 4 74. 9 78. 1 33. 7 69. 6 56. 3 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 28
Agricultural possessions Migrant Non-migrant Household owns agr. land (%) Size of own land, in ha (mean) 90. 8. 54 87. 8. 74 Household rents agr. land (%) 10. 4 13. 9 HH sells/exchanges produce (%) 36. 9 39. 0 Household owns cows (%) 29. 9 38. 4 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 29
Perceptions of economic conditions Migrant Non-Migrant Perceived HH wealth relative to most HH in village (%) Most other are wealthier Most other are poorer Most are about the same 23. 2 15. 7 61. 2 21. 4 17. 0 61. 6 HH econ. conditions will improve in a year (%) 45. 0 37. 5 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 30
Migrants vs. Non-migrants: Health Migrant Assessment of own health Good Average Bad Has a serious health problem or disability (%) Health worsened in past yr (%) Was sick in bed at least once in past year (%) Had to see doctor in past yr (%) Youngest child was sick in past 3 months Non-Migrant 16. 0 58. 9 25. 1 23. 2 58. 4 18. 4 47. 8 41. 7 39. 6 35. 4 54. 3 35. 1 44. 6 43. 4 33. 0 45. 7 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 31
Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Reproduction Migrant 2. 7 Number of children ever born (mean) Non-Migrant 2. 3 14. 5 25. 9 Explained by differences in age Wants to have more children (%) Explained by differences in age and number of children Husband wants more children (%) 32. 0 40. 3 Largely explained by differences in age and number of children Currently uses family planning (%) 18. 4 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 47. 8 32
Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Social Capital Migrant Non-Migrant Knows half or more villagers by name (%) Has own relatives in village (%) Has in-laws in village (%) Visited in-laws in past week (%) Visited non-relatives in past wk (%) Never 1 -2 times 3 or more times Attended one or more weddings in village in past year (%) Attended one or more funerals in village in past year (%) 50. 0 51. 3 83. 8 60. 1 53. 7 57. 0 87. 0 56. 8 22. 5 34. 1 43. 4 30. 8 30. 1 38. 4 66. 4 72. 3 66. 7 58. 2 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 33
Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Social Capital Migrant Socialized w/others last Wed. (%) Socialized w/others last Sun. (%) Non-Migrant 79. 6 78. 2 74. 0 75. 9 Cooperated with other women in past 3 months (%): In agricultural work 17. 7 16. 2 In buying and selling 8. 1 6. 7 Making preserves for winter 29. 0 26. 7 In any type of cooperation 41. 2 36. 5 Participated in community projects (%) 11. 1 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 10. 7 34
Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Social Capital Migrant Got money from relatives as … Interest-free loan Loan with interest Gift Got money from in-laws as … Interest-free loan Loan with interest Gift Got money from others as … Interest-free loan Loan with interest Gift Non-Migrant 8. 6 4. 0 13. 4 10. 4 4. 4 11. 7 11. 1 4. 1 8. 1 13. 4 3. 6 11. 0 10. 4 9. 6 2. 5 15. 4 7. 5 3. 7 CRRC 23 -Nov-05 35
Migration intentions and expectations Migrant Non-Migrant Would like to move from village (%) Would like to move abroad (%) 59. 5 7. 6 53. 5 5. 6 Husband will likely to work away 54. 8 18. 0 She is likely to go with husband 30. 0 53. 1 66. 7 58. 4 (% of those whose husbands are likely to go) Watched Russian-language TV in past week CRRC 23 -Nov-05 36
Decision-making and gender attitudes Migrant Respondent is head of HH Non-migrant 11. 8 3. 3 Who made the decision on a major purchase*: Mainly respondent 34. 4 Mainly husband 33. 0 Respondent and husband 17. 6 Others 15. 0 12. 9 44. 7 24. 6 17. 8 * Only those who reported having made a major purchase recently CRRC 23 -Nov-05 37
Insights From Qualitative Interviews Marriage and Family • Marital satisfaction §Ø» Ýù É³í » Ýù, ãÝ³Û³Í íÇ×áõÙ » Ýù, µ³Ûó ¹» É³í » Ýù: ²ÙáõëÇÝë áõñÇß ÏÝÇÏ, » ñ» ˳ ãáõÝÇ, ³ë» Ýù, áõñÇßÝ» ñÇ ÝÙ³Ý ` Ë÷» É µ³Ý ãϳ, Ù» Ýù É³í » Ýù®¦: • Changes in family responsibilities resulting from migration • Changes in relationships with husband §ºñµ ݳ í» ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ ÏÛ³ÝùÁ ß³ï ɳí, ³ßËáõÛÅ, µ³ñÓñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ, Ù» Í á·¨áñáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ³Ù» Ý ÇÝã ³ñ¹» Ý ³ß˳ñÑáõÙ ÷áËíáõÙ ¿, ³Ù» Ý ÇÝã ÷³ñóٳÝáõÙ, ·» Õ» óϳÝáõÙ, ɳí³ÝáõÙ ¿: ²ÝÏ³Ë ù» ½³ÝÇó ³Ù» Ý ³é³íáï ɳí ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ³ñÃݳÝáõÙ » ë, ùá ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ñ» ï, ß³ï ɳí, ³ñï³Ï³ñ· ³ ÙÇ Ëáëùáí, µ³Ûó » ñµ ·ÝáõÙ ³, å³ñ½ ³ ³ñ¹» Ý…. ¦: • Marital (in)fidelity §¸» ¹³ ÙÇßï ¿É Ñ³Û» ñÇ Ùáï ÁݹÑáõÝí³Í ³, áí ãÇ ¹³í³×³ÝáõÙ: γñ¨áñÁ ùá Ùáï ¿ ·³ÉÇë, » ñ» Ë» ùǹ, » ëÇÙ, ÙÇßï ¿É ³Û¹å» ë ¿ñ®Ù» Ýù ã¿ áñ åÇïÇ ÙÇ µ³Ý ÷áË» Ýù®¦: CRRC 23 -Nov-05 38
Marriage and Family (cont. ) • Wife’s perceptions of husband’s life in migration §¸» ѳ٠ÇÝùÁ ¿ñ» Ë» ùÇó Ñ» éáõ ³ ÁÉÝáõÙ, í» ñçÁ Ù» ½³ÝÇó Ñ» éáõ ³ ÁÉÝáõÙ, Ç٠ѳٳñ ³í» ÉÇ ¹Åí³ñ ³: ÆÝùÁ Áݹ» Õ, ³ë» Ýù å» ïù ³ Çñ³ ѳٳñ ³ß˳ïáõÙ ³, ѳ٠Çñ³Ý Éí³óù ³ ³ÝáõÙ, ѳ٠Çñ³Ý ×³ß ³ ¿÷áõÙ, µ³Ûó ¹» ³í» ÉÇ Ñ³ñÙ³ñ ÏÉÇÝÇ ÇÝùÁ ëï» Õ ÁÉÝÇ, ÇÝùÁ ³Ù» Ý ÇñÇÏáõÝ ·³ Çñ³ ïáõݦ: • Communication with husband while he is away §ÆÝùÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ËáëáõÙ ³ ¿ñ» Ë» ùÇó, áñ ¿ñ» Ë» ùÇë ɳí å³ÑÇ, ÍÝáÕ³óë ɳí å³ÑÇ, ѳñ·Ç: àÝó » ù ·áñÍ» ñÁ ³ÝáõÙ, ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõݹ áÝó ³, ¹áõ ù» ½ ɳí ݳÛÇ, » ë ¿É ³ëáõÙ » Ù, ûï³ñ ï» ÕÁ ¹áõ » ë, ¹áõ ɳí ÉÇÝ» ë: Ø» Ýù ëï» Õ É³í » Ýù, ù» ½ å³ÑÇ, ËݳÛÇ: » åñáµÉ» Ù ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ³ëáõÙ » Ù, ѳñóÝáõÙ » Ù, ËáëáõÙ » Ýù¦: • Husband’s migration and family decision-making §¸» ·Çï» ë ÇÝã » ë ³é³í» ÉáõÃÛáõÝ» ñ ß³ï áõÝ» Ù, ÇÙ ³ÙáõëÇÝÁ ëÇñáÕ ³ÙáõëÇÝ ³, µ³Ûó Ù» ñ ѳۻ ñÇ Ù» ç ÁݹáõÝí³Í ¿, áñ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Á å» ïù ¿ áñáßáõ٠ϳ۳óÝÇ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ý ³ ·É˳íáñÁ¦: • Changes in relationships with kin and in-laws §ÆÝã ÷áËíÇ (ÉéáõÃÛáõÝ), ÙdzÛÝ ÍÝáÕÝ» ñë ³í» ÉÇ ß³ï » Ý ³Ýѳݷëï³ÝáõÙ, » ñµ ݳ ³Ûëï» Õ ãÇ: » ã¿ ³Ù» Ý ÇÝã ¿É ÝáõÛÝÝ ¿ ÙÝáõÙ¦: §â¿ áã ÙÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝ ¿É ãϳ, ÝáõÛÝÝ ³, ÑÁÉÁ ÙÇ µ³Ý ¿É ɳí³ÝáõÙ ³¦: • Women’s migration intentions §ºÃ» ÙdzݳÝù » ñϳñ ÏÙݳÝù, » û » ë » ÏáÕ ï³ñÇ ·Ý³Ù` ÏÙݳ٦: §²ÙáõëÇÝë ãåÇïÇ ·³, å» ïù ³ ·³ ÇÝÓ ëï» ÕÇó ï³ÝÇ, Ù» Ýù Áݹ» Õ` ØÇÝíá¹ÇÛáõÙ, ïáõÝ áõÝ» Ýù¦: CRRC 23 -Nov-05 39
Childbearing and child-rasing • Children and stability of “migrants” families §´³Ûó, ·Çï» Ù ß³ï» ñÁ Ï³Ý áõñÇß ÁÝï³ÝÇù » Ý Áݹ» Õ ëï» ÕËáõÙ, » ñ» ˳® ¸» ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ » Ý, ѳëϳÝáõÙ » Ù, µ³Ûó ·áÝ» » ñ» ˳ ãå» ïù ¿ áõÝ» ݳÝ, áõ ëï» ÕÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ¿É ãÙáé³Ý³Ý: ºñ» Ë» ùÇÝ å³Ñ» Ý, û·Ý» Ý, Ù» Ï ·³Ý, ï» ëÝ» Ý, » ñ» Ë» ùÁ Ñáñ ϳñÇùÁ áõÝ» Ý , åÇïÇ Ñ» ñÁ ¹³ëïÇñ³ÏÇ, ·áÝ» ÙÇ ùÇã, ÇÝã áõ½áõÙ » Ý ³Ý» Ý Ù» Ý³Ï » ñ» Ë» ùÇÝ ãÃáÕÝ» Ý, ãÙáé³Ý³Ý: Ø» Ï Ù» Ï ·³Ý » ñ» Ë» ùÇ Ùáﮦ: • Children’s socialization §Ü³ áÝó áñ ³·ñ» ëÇí ¹³ñÓ³Í ÉÇÝÇ, Ý» ñí³ÛÇÝ ³, ÇÝùÁ ß³ï ѳݷÇëï » ñ» ˳ ¿, » ñµ ѳÛñÁ ³ëï» Õ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ, µ³Ûó ÇÝã ѳÛñÁ·ÝáõÙ ³ ¿ë » ñ» Ë³Ý áÝó áñ ³Ù» Ý ÇÝãÇó ß³ï ßáõï Ý» ñí³ÛݳÝáõÙ ³, » û ÷áÕáóáõÙ ÇÝã áñ Ù» ÏÁ Çñ³Ý ÏåÝáõÙ ³ Ñݳñ³íáñ ãÇ áñ ãË÷Ç, ß³ï ßáõï ³ µéÝÏíáõÙ, ÇëÏ áñ ѳÛñÇÏÁ ³Ûëï» Õ ³ Ýñ³ ÏáÕùÇó ï» Õ ãÇ ·ÝáõÙ, Ýñ³Ý ÉëáõÙ ³ , µ³óÇ ³Û¹ Ñáñ ¹³ëïdzñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ï ³í» ÉÇ ß³ï ³ ³ÝÑñ³Å» ßï ïÕ³ÛÇÝ, ù³Ý ÙáñÁ¦: • Children and work §ºñµ ³ÙáõëÇÝÝ» ñÁ ëï» Õ ã» Ý, ß³ï ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ» ñáõÙ Ñá·ëÁ ÁÝÏ³Í ¿ » ñ» ˳ݻ ñÇ áõë» ñÇÝ: ÆëÏ ¹³, ³ë» Ýù û , Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ » ñ» ˳ݻ ñÇ ãëáíáñ» ÉáõÝ, Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ã» Ý áõÝ» ÝáõÙ, ÇëÏ³å» ë Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ã» Ý áõÝ» ÝáõÙ Ù» ñ » ñ» ˳ݻ ñÁ ¹³ë ëáíáñ» Éáõ, áñáíÑ» ï¨ ÙÇ ûñ, ³ë» Ýù, Ëáï ÑÝÓ» Éáõ » Ý ·ÝáõÙ, ÙÇ ûñ ϳñïáßϳ ù³Ëѳݻ Éáõ… ¾¹ µáÉáñ ï» ë³ÏÇ Ñá·ë» ñÁ ÍÝáÕÝ» ñÇ Ñ» ï » ñ» ˳ݻ ñÝ » Ý ³ÝáõÙ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý å³ï׳éáí: ¸³, ³é³çÇÝ Ñ» ñÃÇÝ, ųٳݳÏÇó ßáõï Ù» ͳÝáõÙ » Ý, Ù³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝ ùÇã » Ý ï» ëÝáõÙ, ³í» ÉÇ ß³ï ÷áÕáó » Ý ÁÝÏÝáõÙ. : CRRC 23 -Nov-05 40
Women’s Work • Women’s work outside the home: any changes due to migration? • Husband’s continuing control over wives’ work outside the home §ÐÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹åñáóÝ ³. . . ÇÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ³, » û áõñÇß ·áñÍ ÉÇÝÇ ³ÙáõëÇÝë ãÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝíÇ: . . . ÇÝùÁ ÙÇßï ѳñÝóáõÙ ³, áõ±ñ » ë ·ÝáõÙ, á±ñ ųÙÇÝ » ë ïáõÝ ·³ÉÇë¦: §ºñ¨Ç ³ßË³ï» ÉÁ ×Çßï ³, áñ óñí» ë ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Å³Ùáí ³éûñÛ³ ·áñÍ» ñÇó¦ • Women’s work at home §Þ³ï ¹Åí³ñ ³åñáÕÝ» ñ ϳÝ. . . » ë ½·áõÙ » Ù ÏáÕùÇó, ß³ï- ß³ï » Ý ã³ñã³ñíáõÙ, ã³ñã³ñ³ÝùÝ» ñ » ë ß³ï ã» Ù ï» ë» É¦: • Women add husband’s responsibilities to their own • Women seek help from relatives or hire help CRRC 23 -Nov-05 41
Social Networks Continuity and change in the relationships with: • Relatives and in-laws §ºñµ ÇÝùÁ ëï» Õ ³, µ³ñ» ϳÙÝ» ñÇ Ñ» ï ³í» ÉÇ ß³ï » Ù ß÷íáõÙ, Ù» ͳٳë³Ùµ ÇÝùÝ ³ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ, û ³ñÇ ·Ý³Ýù, µ³Ûó áñ ÇÝùÁ ëï» Õ ãÇ ³ëáõÙ » ë, ÙÇ ùÇã ß÷í» Ù, ÙÇ ùÇã å³ëÇí å³Ñ» Ù¦: §» ëÇÙ, ¿Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³í» ÉÇ ³½³ï » ñ¨Ç…, ³ë» Ýù, áõ½áõÙ » ë µ³ñ» ϳÙÇ ïáõÝ ³Ûó» É» ë, ¿Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³í» ÉÇ ³½³ï » ³, ÑÇÙ³ ã¿, áÝó áñ ãáõ½» ݳë, áñ ÇÝùÁ ëï» Õ ãÇ…¦: §Àݹѳϳé³ÏÁ, ³í» ÉÇ ³½³ï » Ý, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹áõ Ý» ñϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãϳ, ѳñ¨³ÝÝ» ñÇ Ñ» ï ß÷áõÙÁ ³í» ÉÇ ³½³ï ³, ³Ýϳßϳݹ ³, ï³ÝÁ ëå³ëáÕ ãáõÝÇ, ËáëáÕ ãáõÝÇ, ٳݳí³Ý¹, áñ Ù» ÍÇ ï» Õ ãÇ, µ³Ûó ¹» áñ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Á ï³ÝÝ ³ ÁÉÝÁÙ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹áõó åÇïÇ ù³ßí» Ý¦: • Neighbors §¸» ³ë» ÉÁ… ³ë» ë ϳñáÕ ³ Ù» ÏÁ áõñ³Ë³Ý³, Ù» ÏÁ ïËñÇ, ϳ٠¿É » ë ÇÙ ëÏ» ëáõñÇó ÇÝã-áñ Ù» ÏÇó µáÕáù» óÇ, ÇÝã å» ïù ³ ³ÝÇ, Ù» ÏÁ ÙÇ áõñÇß ï» Õ ³ëÇ, Ù» ÏÁ ÙÇ áõñÇß ï» Õ ³ñ¹» Ý ³ë» ÏáëÝ» ñÁ ß³ï³ÝáõÙ ³¦: • Friends §ÀÝÏ» ñáõÑÇÝ» ñ ¿É áõÝ» Ù ¹åñáó³Ï³Ý: ´³Ûó Çñ³Ýó Ñ» ï ÑÇÙ³ ß³ï ã» Ù ß÷íáõÙ, áõß-áõß » Ýù ß÷íáõÙ, ¿Ý ¿É ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ Ñ» é³Ëáëáí: Æñ³Ýù ¿É » Ý ÑÇÙ³ ³Ùáõëݳó³Í, Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ãáõÝ» Ý, ï³Ý Ñá·ë» ñáí » Ý ½µ³Õí³Í, » ñ» ˳ áõÝ» Ý: ºë ÑÁÉÁ Áï» Ýó ͳÝñ³µ» éÝí³Í ã» Ù Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áõÝ» Ù, µ³Ûó Çñ³Ýù µ³ÕáõÙ ¿É » Ý ³ß˳ïáõÙ, ã» Ý Ñ³ëóÝáõÙ¦: CRRC 23 -Nov-05 42
Religion and psychological issues • The meaning of faith and religion before and after husband’s migration – Worries about husband’s health and safety – Religion as a source of emotional support §Ð³í³ïÁ ϳñ¨áñ ¿, áñáíÑ» ï¨ » ñµ ï» ÕÝ» ñë ÙÇ ùÇã Ý» Õ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ³ëáõÙ » Ù í³Û ²ëïí³Í ç³Ý, ÃáÕ ³ÙáõëÇÝë ßáõï í» ñ³¹³éݳ¦: §ÆÝãå» ë » ñ» ˳ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù³ÛñÁ ï³ÝÁ ãÇ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¿É ÇÝùÁ ï³ÝÁ ãÇ. ݳ ¿ ÇÙ ÙÇ³Ï Ñ³ñ³½³ïÁ¦: • Psychological problems: loneliness, sense of insecurity, uncertainty about the future, “nerves” §Ü³ÛÇ, í³É» ñdzݳÛÇ ¹» ÕÇÝ Ïá׳ÏÝ» ñÁ ¹ñ³Í » Ý ¿Ýï» Õ, » ë ³Ù» Ý ·Çß» ñ åÇïÇ ËÙ» Ù, áñ ùÝ» Ù, ÇëÏ áñ ÇÝùÁ ëï» Õ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ ¿¹ ¹» ÕÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ã» Ù ¿É Ùï³ÍáõÙ¦: CRRC 23 -Nov-05 43
Future steps • Further analyses, including multivariate analyses of survey data • Cross-sectional survey data limited causal inferences • Data and results through the Internet • Based on results and lessons learned, designing and implementing a larger new study (pending funding) CRRC 23 -Nov-05 44
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