THE EFFECTS OF GENDER ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES OF

THE EFFECTS OF GENDER ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES OF VIETNAMESE EFL LEARNERS PRESENTER: ĐINH NGỌC HẠNH People’s Police College

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CS: CSs: Communication strategy Communication strategies Strategies

REASON FOR RESEARCH • Studies on communication strategies (CSs): for nearly four decades. • The studies contribute to applied linguistics and second language acquisition. • They are still inadequate; remain controversies over certain issues.

LITERATURE REVIEW: COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES CSs are “strategies which a language user employs in order to achieve his intended meaning on becoming aware of problems arising during the planning phase of an utterance due to (his own) linguistic shortcoming” (Poulisse, 1900; cited by Ellis, 1994, p. 44). -

LITERATURE REVIEW: FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICES OF CSS ØTarget language proficiency and CSs ØLearning and communicating contexts and CSs ØTask types and CSs ØGender differences and CSs ØPersonality and CSs ØFirst language and CSs ØTeachablity and teaching of CSs

LITERATURE REVIEW: GENDER AND CSS – PREVIOUS STUDIES • Fishman (1983): Men tried to be dominant in the conversation while women used more questions; sometimes men and women might have different initial purposes when using the same CS. • Hou (1998): no obvious difference in the narrative task; female learners tended to use more strategies of code-switching and asking for help than male learner did in the interactional task.

LITERATURE REVIEW: GENDER AND CSS – PREVIOUS STUDIES • Wang (2008): female learners used borrowing strategies more often than male learners did. • Lai (2010): male and female learners were not significantly different in the use of CSs but female learners seemed to use CSs more efficiently than male learners did because they carried out the execution phase of production more effectively.

LITERATURE REVIEW: GENDER AND CSS – PREVIOUS STUDIES • Lack of consensus on the effect of gender on the use of CSs among the researchers. • Researches: carried out in different situations, with different participant levels of proficiency and cultures, and with different instruments. VIETNAMESE ESL LEARNERS?

HYPOTHESIS • In Vietnamese language learning context: male learners use more types of CSs and use them more frequent than female learners do.

METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in the People’s Police College located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Participants: v 60 students (40 males and 20 females) - intermediate level Methods: v Questionnaire v. Observation (Video-taped)

METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in the People’s Police College located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Participants Methods • 60 students (40 males and 20 females) intermediate level • Questionnaire • Observation (Video-taped)

METHODOLOGY: INSTRUMENTS v Questionnaire: • Developed from the Questionnaire on Communication Strategies for Chinese Learners of English (Yang and Gai, 2010) and Faerch and Kasper’s typology of CSs • Used to assess learners’ attitudes toward using CSs and the frequency of using CSs. • Five-point scale. v Video Recording: • 12 female and 12 male learners performed a concept identification task.

METHODOLOGY: PROCEDURES Questionnaire Video Recording

FINDINGS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE: ATTITUDES TOWARDS CSS OF MALE AND FEMALE LEARNERS

FINDINGS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE: ATTITUDES TOWARDS CSS OF MALE AND FEMALE LEARNERS v There was no significant difference between the attitudes of male and female learners towards CSs. v Both groups of gender have: • positive attitude towards L 2 -based strategies and cooperative strategies, • neutral attitude towards code-switching strategies and nonlinguistic strategies, • negative attitude towards reduction strategies and especially retrieval strategies. Ø Learners seem to prefer compensatory strategies to reduction strategies and retrieval strategies.

FINDINGS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE: FREQUENCY OF USING CSS BY MALE AND FEMALE LEARNERS

FINDINGS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE: FREQUENCY OF USING CSS BY MALE AND FEMALE LEARNERS • Gender factor seems to have no obvious effect on the use of CSs. • Both female and male learners use cooperative strategies, non-linguistic strategies, and reduction strategies more often than retrieval strategies, codeswitching strategies, and L 2 -based strategies. • Male learners use code-switching strategies more often than female learners do.

FINDINGS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE • Learners do not agree to the use of reduction strategies but they often use them in communication. • Learners seem to be attracted by “positive” strategies which they think to be useful for their study but they use “negative” strategies in real communication because of their limited proficiency.

RESULTS FROM THE VIDEO-RECORDING: FREQUENCY OF USING CSS BY MALE AND FEMALE LEARNERS

RESULTS FROM THE VIDEO-RECORDING: FREQUENCY OF USING CSS BY MALE AND FEMALE LEARNERS • Male learners spoke and used CSs more frequently than female learners did. • Male learners were braver and more eager to take risks to communicate

RESULTS FROM THE VIDEO-RECORDING: TYPES OF CSS

RESULTS FROM THE VIDEO-RECORDING: TYPES OF CSS • Both male and female learners used L 2 -based strategies the most frequently; hardly used nonlinguistic strategies and did not use reduction strategies. • Male learners tended to use cooperative strategies more often than females while female learners chose code-switching strategies more than males

DISCUSSION Questionnaire Video recording

DISCUSSION In the real performance learners use L 2 -based strategies and retrieval strategies more frequent and do not use reduction strategies learners tried to use L 2 -based strategies rather than code-switching learners did not use non-linguistic strategies frequently female learners tended to use code-switching strategies more often than males learners while male learners tended to use more cooperative strategies male learners seemed to be more active in communication than female learners

CONCLUSION • The findings proposed that male and female learners reported the same use of CSs; in the real performance, however, male learners were more active and eager to communicate; male learners tended to use L 2 -based strategies and cooperative strategies while female learners chose L 2 -based strategies and code-switching strategies. • Learners should be organized in sex-mixed pairs and groups so that male and female learners can learn CSs from each other. • CS training should be applied to help learners practice and be familiar with the CSs that are thought to be “positive” to their learning.

LIMITATIONS § The results from the questionnaire might only reflect how learners perceive their use of CSs not how they use CSs in real communication § The use of CSs is also affected by task types § The use of CSs was examined in the classroom setting and might be different from the natural setting § Gender factor should be considered in relationship with other factors such as task nature, proficiency, personality, etc. to see which factor has more effects on CSs and how these factors affect each other when learners use CSs.

Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fishman, P. (1983) ‘Interaction: the work women do’, in Barrie Thorne et al. (eds) Language, Gender and Society. Rowley, Mass. : Newbury House, pp. 89 -101. First published 1978 in Social Problems, 25, 397 - 406 Hou, S. S. (1998). Effect of tasks and genders on communication strategies. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages, 21(6), 18 -23. Lai, H. (2010), Gender Effect on the Use of CSs, English Language Teaching, 3(4), 28 -32. Wang, L. M. (2008). A study of gender differences in communication strategies by EFL learners. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 8, 3741.