THE EFFECT OF BIOINVASION AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON

THE EFFECT OF BIOINVASION AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF BADAGRY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA AND WEST AFRICA. PRESENTED BY OTON FELI X OKON CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SCIENCE EDUCATION LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY BADAGRY EXPRESSWAY, OJO, PMB 1089, APAPA, LAGOS, NIGERIA. E-mail feltonkon@yahoo. com http: //www. lasu-cese. edu. org CONTACT: IKOT OSUTE, ABAK MIDIM CLAN, ANAM, KM 18 EAST – WEST ROAD, AKWA IBOM STATE.

WHAT IS BIOINVASION OR INVASIVE SPECIES ? • NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES (e. g. PLANTS AND ANIMALS) • NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SPECIES – heavily colonize habitat. - IUCN (Wikipidia, 2009).

NON-NATIVE AND NATIVE SPECIES COULD BE DEFINED AS INVASIVE SPECIES OR BIOINVASION. (e. g. INVERTEBRATE, AND PLANTS). • GROUP OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES. USGS: htt: //nas. er. usgs. gov

• GROUP OF NATIVE SPECIES

• NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SPECIES.

SOURCE OF INVASIVE SPECIES The “Root” roadmap event, that lead to introduction of invasive species (Wright Donald , 2007). BIOTIC INVASION – IS ONE OF THE FIVE TOP DRIVERS FOR GLOBAL BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY LOSS AND IS INCREASING BECAUSE OF TOURISM AND GLOBALIZATION (WIKIPIDIA, 2009). REGULATION OF BIOTIC INVASION - SEVERE THREAT AND RISK TO INADEQUATELY REGULATING FRESHWATER SYSTEM, IMPACT OF BIOTIC INVASION - QUARANTINES BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY LOSSES AND - BALLAST WATER RULES CLIMATE CHANGE - AVIATION - IT, TELECOM, etc.

COMPOSITION OF INVASIVE SPECIES • SPECIATION AND DIVERSITY OF ECOLOGY - INVASIVE SPECIES TRAIT (a) SOURCE OF SPECIES OF MANGROVE PALM (b) COMPOSITION SPECIES OF MANGROVE (Wikipedia, 2009).

• HOW INVASIVE ORGANISM GOT TO NIGERIA AND WEST AFRICA - ACCIDENTAL TRANSPORT - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE - EUROPEAN COLONIZATION • EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE OF SPECIES - DRIVERN INTO EXTINCTION BY VARIOUS COMPETITION OR PREDATION • IMPLICATION OF INVASIVE ORGANISM INTRODUCED ON THE ENVIRONMENT - CHANGE TO LOCAL ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE BY EXOTIC AND - UNFAMILIAR CONDITION OF HABITAT - CHALLENGE HEALTH OF ECOSYSTEM - UNPRECEDENTED GLOBAL THREATH OF INVASIVE SPECIES.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH THE IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY LOSSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE EXTINCTION RISK (ORGANISM) BIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ABIOTIC VULNERABILITY

MOLECULAR ANALYSES • ITS REVEAL THAT WAS ORIGINALLY THOUGHT TO BE SINGLE SPECIES WITH A NUMBER OF GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTINCT POPULATION ARE REALLY TWO OR MORE SPECIES. Basommatophora nypa Fossil range: 90 Ma PreЄ Є MAJOR TRAIT • BINOMIAL NAME • O S D - LIVING FOSSIL SUCH A BASOMMATOPHORA NYPA SPECIES KNOWN ONLY FROM FOSSIL RECORD TO BE PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES, ABACTERIA CALLED EUBACTERIA. C P T J K Pg N ↓ IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE PHIL, J (SCIENCE SOURCE PHOTO, 2009) Late Cretaceous Recent Source: http//en. wikipidia. org. wiki. fossil Source: OTON FELIX O, 2009. –

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALM AFROTROPICAL (FRESHWATER) BIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM • MOLLUSCA - DOMAIN, ARCHAEA, BACTERIA, EUCRYA. -BASOMMATOPHORA NYPA SPECIES • BASOMMATOPHORA - GROWING PALM, NYPA PALM - “ROOT” HAS A CARROT LIKE SHAPE (HAVE ANTIGEN OR MEDICINAL VALUE CAPABLE TO STOP CELLULAR DAMAGE AND TO RESUSCITATE HUMAN HEALTH, AGAINST THE BROKEN DOWN OF AN IMMUNES SYSTEM). - HUMAN CAUSE DISEASE, SUCH AS SALMONELLA TYPHI TYPHOID FEVER, SCHOMISTOSOMIASIS OR BILHARZIA, HIV/AIDS VIRUS, AND TREATMENT FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER. ETC BLUE-PURPLE COLOUR INDICATE THE IMPACT OF CHANGING ENVIRONMENT OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF MANGROVE PALM

-THE YELLOWISH OR REDDISH SAP IS MOSTLY EXTRACTED FRUIT FIBER PASTEURIZER INTO ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE AND FERMENTED INTO ETHANOL. - CELLULOSIC ETHANOL –BIOMASS, BIOFUEL - LARGE SOURCE OF PALMITIC ACID, A FATTY ACID USED IN PROCESS, - IT HAS PLEASANT ODOUR FLAVOUR. - FIBER IS USED TO FEED LIVE-STOCK - FEATHERY LEAVES USED BY LOCAL POPULATION AS ROOF MATERIAL(THATCHED HOUSE), - MAKING BASKETERY AND CRAFT. - IT HAS AESTHETIC VALUE TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND LUXURIOUS WINTER RESORT. - THE TIMBER IS HARD, HEAVY AND HIGHLY DURABLE VALUE FOR CONSTRUCTION.

• BASOMMATOPHORA NYPA SNAIL – USE FOR FOOD. - ENHANCES HYBRID OF SPECIES OF BACTERIA CAUSE DISEASES INCLUDES SALMONELLA TYHI TYPHOID FEVER, SCHISTOSOMIASIS OR BILHARZIA , ETC. -FORM FUNGUS VIA BACTERIUM - HYBRID OF TIGER MOSQUITOES AND GREEN ALGAE CHLOROPHYLL. -COMPLETE PART OF THEIR LIFE CYCLE WITHIN FRESHWATER SNAIL. -THE LARVAE OF THE PARASITE BURROW THROUGH THE SKIN OF HUMANS AND MUTURE TO CAUSE SYMPTOMS OF ILLENSS. . -STATE THAT PEOPLE ENGAGED PLANTING RICE CROPS OR BATHING IN WATER CONTAINING SNAIL AND PARASITE ARE ESPECIALLY AT RISK. living fossil’ such as Basommatophora nypa species known only from fossil record to be prokaryotes and eukaryotes organism that are bacteria called eubacteria.

ASSESSMENT TEST ON THE PERCEPTION OF INVASIVE SPECIES INTRODUCED ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF BADAGRY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA , ARE INTENSIFIED 47%

IT IS STILL A QUESTION OF UNFAMILIAR CONDITION OF HABITAT. WHEN WILL IT END ?

CONSERVATION OF ENDEMIC BADAGRY ESTUARY REMEDIAL CAPACITY CARRIER. REQUIRED SOLUTIONS WILL BE: • AN INTENSIFIED GREEN ECONOMIC POLICIES AND COST INTERACTION WILL ENHANCE GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION. - CLEANER GASOLINE AND EXTRACTION. - RENEWABLE BIOFUEL ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL. - BIOBEHAVIOUR, BIOENERGY, BIOGEOCHEMICAL • RELATED TRANSFORMATION ENERGY, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND TRANSPORTATION. • STIMULATE FARM, CROP HARVEST INVESTMENT AND ECONOMICE ACTIVITIES

THESE ARE SOMETIME SOME OF THE ACTIVITIES LED INTRODUCED NON-NATIVE SPECIES TO BADAGRY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA AND WEST AFRICA. BIOGENIC APPROACH • THE INHERITANCE OF TRAIT - THE PRECEPTION OF HUMAN LED ALTERATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM a 0 xn + a 1 xn-1 +. . . + an-1 x + a n = 0 - in which the coefficients - can be any number, - with the exception that a 0, a 1, . . . , an ax + b = 0 a 0≠ 0. DIVERSITY (GRAVITY MODEL OF MIGRATION) ax 2 + bx + c = 0

FURTHER CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF OTHER CELLULAR ATTRIBUTE: AUTOTROPH --- CO 2 AS SOLE CARBON SOURCE HETEROPH --- ORGANISIC COMPOUND AS CARBON SOURCE CHEMOLITHOTROPH --- CHEMICAL AS ENERGY SOURCE, ELECTRON DONOUR PHOTOTROPH -- CAPABLE OF USING LIGHT AS ENERGY SOURCE AEROBE --- CAPABLE OF USING O 2 INSPIRATION, OBLIGATE, FACULTATIVE MIRCROAEOPHILIC --- (<ATM PO 2) ANAEROBE – AEROTOTERANT ( REQUIRED BUT NOT HARMFUL), OBLIGATE (HARMFUL)

“RESILIENCE OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO STAMP OUT SLAVE TRADE ON THE COAST OF WEST AFRICA NOTWITHSTANDING”. HOW CAN WE PAY TO SAVE THE SPECIES? SHOULD MAN NOT GIVE RESPECT TO NATURE? RE-THINK - CUT DOWN UNEMPLOYMENT - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - STRINGENT REGULATION OF STANDARD. WHERE ARE THE INTEGRITY?

SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES • PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - METHANOGEN – IT PRODUCES METHANE OR NATURAL GAS. IT IS ALSO A THERMOPHILE (ABLE TO LIVE AT TEMPERATURE OF 49 TO 94 C SOLUTION MEDICINAL DRUG THERAPY ANTIGEN (BASOMMATOPHORA NYPA SPECIE) EL – FELTONIC SOLUTION (MEANING) E = ESTUARY, L = LIMITED BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. FELTONIC SOLUTION. THE AUTHOR’S FIELDWORK NAME (INVENTIVE GENUS) THE “ROOT” HYDRO & GAS TO POWER TURBINE ETHANOL, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL, SOLAR, NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS SAVE OUR SPECIES

• POLICY GOAL - THE GOAL OF THE NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT IS TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA. - SECURE A QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT ADEQUATE FOR GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING - CONSERVE AND USE THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATION - RESTORE, MAINTAIN AND ENHANCE THE ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESS ESSENTIAL FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BIOSPHERE TO PRESERVE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF OPTIMUL SUSTAINABLE YIELD IN THE USE OF LIVING NATURAL RESOURCE AND ECOSYSTEMS. - RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS AND PROMOTE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ESSENTIAL LINKAGES BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT - CO-OPERATE IN GOOD FAITH WITH OTHER COUNTRIES, INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION AND AGENCIES TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL USE OF TRANSBOUNTARY NATURAL RESOURCES AND EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OR ABATEMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION. • DRAFT OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGIES FOR NIGERIA AGENDA 21 - INTEGRATE ENVIRONMENT INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ALL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT THE PRIVATE SECTOR. - COMMENCE A TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - ADDESS SECTORAL PRIORITIES, PLANS, POLICIES AND STRAGEGIES FOR THE MAJOR SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY - SIMULTANEOUSLY FOSTER REGIONAL PARTNERSHIP. UNDP SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR NIGERIA (NIR/C 3)

SUPPORTING AGENCIES AND CONVENTIONS TO THE CONSERVATION OF GREEN ENVIRONMENT

MANY THANKS TO: ADEBAYO AND ALIU I. R PROF. SENA BAKARE, PROF. BAMGBOYE, BARR. LANRE MABAWONKU, MR. AHOVE. A, PROF. PETER STOETT, DR. SARAH SIMON, WITT ARNE, FELIX KEMPTER, JENNIFER ROZEL, ADAM LIEBER , KERRYN LANG, BARR. UMOH OKON A, Dr. A. BABATUNDE OLAIDE-MESEWAKU, PETER OLAIDE-MESEWAKU, PASTOR HENRY BASSEY GLOBAL GREEN EARTH INITIATIVE OFOUEO GREEN FOUNDATION