The eating habits of the principal religions
The word Catholicism usually refers to the doctrine or faith of the Catholic Church. It includes all the Christian Churches that are in communion with the Pope, and accept his authority in matters of faith and morality. Nowadays, it divides into: Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food Roman Catholic Church follows its Latin rite. Orient Catholic Church, or Uniata Church, which follows the Oriental rite.
Religion Geographical situation Festivals and celebrations Catholic zone Food Only a part of this zone is Catholic
Celebrations Festival Date What we celebrate How we celebrate Sunday Every week Lord’s Day, Jesus’ resurrection. Meeting in the Church to pray together, giving thanks and asking for help for people who need it. Christmas 25 th December Jesus’ birth. On Christmas night we celebrate the midnight Mass, and families meet together. Epiphany 6 th January. Worship to the three Wise Men of the East We give presents to kids the same as the three Wise Men of the East did. Lent Forty days before Easter Week -------------- We try to correct people’s lifestyle. Palm Sunday -------------- The entrance of Jesus to Jerusalem We have to take a branch of a palm tree or olive tree to be blessed.
Festival Date What we celebrate How we celebrate Easter week (Holy Thursday and Friday) ----------------- We remember Jesus’ last supper with His disciples (Thursday) and His passion and death (Friday) We do different acts in a church to remember Jesus’ last hours alive Easter The Sunday after Holy Thursday and Friday Jesus’ resurrection We hold a celebration in a church. Pentecost Fifty days after Easter We celebrate the return of Jesus’ spirit in all his disciples -----------------
FOOD Christianity uses food from the land. The food they used was based on corn, flour and salt to make bread. Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food Meat was classified in two types: pure and impure meat. Impure meat was the one that belonged to animals with no hoof. Impure fish were the ones with no fins or scales. They had different types of soup and lot of goat and sheep milk. The most typical drink was wine. The Sacred host is a piece of unleaven bread, made of wheat flour in a round shape that we offer on Eucharist or Christian and Catholic Mass as an offering or sacrifice.
Religion Geographical Situation Celebrations Festivals and food · ADVENT, lithurgical time (The four weeks before Christmas): it’s time to prepare Christmas. Traditionally kids buy an Advent calendar, where we can find 24 little boxes for the 24 days of December. There is chocolate inside these little boxes, and it’s related with advent and food. · Immaculate Concepcion of God’s Mother (8 de December): We celebrate that God pardoned Maria’s original sin. · CHRISTMAS (from December the 25 th): we commemorate Jesus’ birth in Jerusalem.
It’s one of the most important festivals in Christianity, which we celebrate Jesus Christ’s birth. Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food There’s no food related with festivals. There are some traditions from a long time ago, but they aren’t obligatory. In Catalonia it is traditional for all the family to eat together. Typical foods are soup, CARN D’OLLA, chicken.
· God’s Epiphany The Epiphany is a manifestation or presentation in public. Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food This festival is so called because it remembers how Jesus manifested in front of “Three Kings” for being adored. This festival is celebrated on 6 th January in Catholic Church since the year 400. There is no typical food but normally families have lunch together. The typical dessert is called “Tortell de Reis”.
· Lent time Religion Lent is a period or forty days before Easter. In the liturgical Christian calendar it s noted that we have to prepare Easter week. It starts on Ash Wednesday and finishes on Palm Sunday. Geographical situation The objective of Lent is to be a period for reflection and penance. Christians have to prepare Lent celebration. Formerly we practiced fasting and abstinence, and nowadays it’s a tradition to eat ‘Bunyols’ on Friday. Celebrations Festivals and food
· Easter week Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food In the Christian calendar, Easter week is the most important festival. It commemorates the entrance of Jesus Christ in Jerusalem, and his death on the cross and his resurrection. In Catalonia there are two popular traditions related with food: the ‘Tortell’ on Palm Sunday and ‘la Mona de Pasqua’, a chocolate or sponge cake we eat on Easter Sunday or Monday: Diumenge de Pasqua o el Dilluns de Pasqua.
Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food Judaism is the religious culture of Judah’s people. It is the oldest of the three monotheistic religions and one of the oldest traditional religions that is still practiced. The dogmas and the history of Judaism are the basis of Christianity, and the origin of Islam is theologically related with Judaism through the character of Abraham.
Celebrations Celebration Date What they celebrate How they celebrate Xabat (Saturday) Every week Meeting with God It is dedicated to the. They don’t work and all of them meet in synagogue for praying. Roix Ha-Xanà (End of the year) End of the year (September /October) The day of the Cards are sent to relatives and world’s birth friends. They eat apples with honey and Human birth. (because then the year is sweet). They also eat pomegranates (because then the year is full of nice things). They go to the synagogue and sing songs. Iom Kipur Ten days after the ending of the year. Apologizing celebration It is a fast day when they reflect on everything they have done the year before to see who they have to apologize to and what they have to change. Sukkot September/ October, for eight days. Tent celebration. They remember how the Jews` ancestors lived. A tent is constructed outdoors and they have a meal there once a day.
Simhat Torà The Last day of the Sukkot The end of the Torah reading. They finish reading the Torah. Then start reading it again to show that the history of the Jewish people is never forgotten. Hanukà (Dedication) Celebration which takes eight days. Success of the Jewish rebellion against the Greeks and the recovery of the Jerusalem temple. Every day they light the eight arms of the candle (hanikuyà). Then it is put in the window to share the light with everybody. They play games with the light and they eat sweets and special fried potatoes with oil. Tu bi-Xevat 15 of xevat (the end of January) Trees and plants celebration. Purim ------------ To celebrate that -----God saved Jews from the extermination directed by Amman. They eat special triangular cookies and they send some to relatives and friends. They also dress up.
Pèsah (Easter) ------------ Freedom celebration (The liberation from Egypt) Family supper. Xavuot ------------- Present of the tablets of the Law (The 10 Commandments God gave to Moses) They read out the story and eat elaborate dishes.
The Jewish celebrations are the days that the Jews think are sacred. The type of celebration, can be called yom tov (good morning), chag (party) or ta'anit (fast). Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food
Abbash: Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food They are days of absolute resting, so the food must be prepared the day before. During this day they eat Challach : a kind of bread which symbolizes the double food the Jews received on Fridays and they had to keep until Saturday during the 40 years they were in the desert. Ten Saint days: Rosh Hashanah: is the first day. People eat Challah, decorated with stairs and birds shapes, it represents the family orations to go to heaven. They eat bread with apple covered with honey like a sweet for new year. They have lunch. Yom Kippur: is the last day. The fast starts when the sun sets. And this happens 10 th of tixrí.
Jewish Easter: Easter (jewish) or Pésakh commemorates the freedom of Israel from Egyptian slavery. In this festival it is prohibited to eat fermented foods. Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food Jewish Pentecost: The Jewish Pentecost or Xavuot, the festival of the weeks, is one of the three festivals of pilgrimage prescribed in the Torà. Traditionally, they eat milk products. The three weeks and nine days: Three weeks and nine days are sad days of reflection. They prepare Tixa Beav, in memory of the Roman destruction of Jerusalem. In this period, and specially during the nine days, they don’t eat meat or drink wine.
Kosher, is used specially to define permitted food, and prohibited food is called taref. Kosher Animals - Land animals : Cows, Sheep, Lambs, Goats. Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food
Birds: Chickens, geese, doves, hens. Aquatic animals: Tuna, salmon, grouper, sardine, anchovy, trout Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food Fruits and vegetables: These are Kosher, but they must be cleaned to make sure that there aren’t any insects which aren’t allowed.
Taref animals: Examples: Pigs, horses, dogs and cats. Religion Geographical situation Shellfish are taref and are prohibited. Examples: shrimps, prawns, octopus, squid. Carnivorous or scavenger birds. Examples: Raven, eagle, Falcon. Celebrations Animal milk is prohibited. Festivals and food
Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food ISLAM It is the youngest of the five religions. It is the principal religion in the Arab world. It has spread in the African continent, Asiatic and in some European countries. Mahoma is the founder. The five pillars of Islam are: faith, prayer, pilgrimage, charity and fasting. FASTING: fasting – – – It takes place in the Ramada’s month. This is the month of the ninth moon. They can’t eat food from sunrise to sunset. They can’t drink water. Only children and old people can eat and drink.
Religion Geographical situations Celebrations Festivals and food Total population: 1375 millions
Celebrations Festival Date Friday (Al-Juma) Every week Aïd al Adha (sacrifice day) At the end of the pilgrimage to Meca. What they celebrate -------------- They remember when God requested Abraham to sacrifice his son; later he told him he didn’t have to do it and rewarded his obedience. How they celebrate At noon they celebrate a special prayer directed by the Imam who makes a sermon on a topical subject. They kill a lamb and family, friends, and some people in need eat it together.
Celebrations Festival Ramada Date Ninth month of the Muslim calendar. What they celebrate Period of time to reflect as an exercise to learn how to control the natural impulses. AÏd al Fitr At the end of Ramada -------------- Aïd al-Mawlid -------------- Mahoma’s birth How they celebrate During the day they can’t drink and eat anything, they can only drink in the evening. During the day they are in the mosques. For dinner, families meet to eat the “harira”. Return to the habitual customs. They have a meal together. --------------
Aliments Purs (Halal): Be, camell, cabra i bou Aus Peix Religion Food Impure food (Haram): Pork Carnivorous animals Geographical situation Land animals without ears (frogs, snakes. . ) Every animal that hasn’t been sacrificed by the ritual: Animals that have been beaten Celebrations Animals who die because of a high fall. Animals killed by other fierce animals. Festivals and food.
Traditional Food: ü Sweet food. ü Refreshing drinks (sorbets, syrup, etc) ü Fruits Religion ü Hard condiments (garlic, onion, etc) ü Butter for cooking Geographical Situation Celebrations Festivals and food ü Yogurt (drink of sheep’s milk or buffalo milk) ü Infusions ( tea, coffee, etc)
THE RAMADAN Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food The Ramadan is a fast which consists of not eating or drinking from sun rise to sunset. People who have to do the Ramadan are Muslim men and women from 12 years old. Men and boys go to the mosque in the morning wearing new clothes and there they pray. Parents, uncles, grandparents and other relatives give money to the boys (not to the girls because the latter don’t go out, they stay at home).
SACRIFICE FESTIVAL Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food Known as the Muslim Easter, it lasts several days and the principal ritual is the sheep sacrifice. “Al Adha” celebration or sacrifice is one of the most important Islamic celebrations and is held on the last day of the Islamic calendar. Following the “suna” teachings or prophet Mahoma customs, during “Al Adha”, all families with economic resources have to sacrifice an animal, specially a sheep, a third of that is eaten by the family and the other two thirds is given to the poor and the relatives.
MAWLID UN-NABI Mawlid un-Nabi is a special holiday for a lot of Muslim people. It’s celebrated to commemorate the birthday of prophet Muhammad. Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food ISRA MER’AJ Isra Mer'aj is a very special night for the Muslim faith. The official holiday’s name is Laylat- Al-lsra wa Al-Miraj, that means “the night, the trip and the elevation". It’s celebrated the 27 th day of the Rajab day, the seventh month of the Islamic calendar.
Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food FESTIVALS Eid al-Fitr: It means Ramada’s end. The night before the first day of the celebration is considered particularly important. In the morning, the community prays together and has a breakfast that signifies the end of the fasting. Eid al Adha: Is represented for Muslims around the world by the sacrifice of an animal (normally a cow or a sheep) in thnksgiving to God for saving the life of the prophet Abraham´s son. With this festival, Muslims remember that Islam means submission, because nobody showed better submission to God than Abraham (In Arabian: ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ Ibrahim), who was ready to sacrifice his own son as evidence of his loyalty to God.
Food Customs Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food At mealtimes, people eat from a round plate and they use their right hand. If they are invited in a house, they should take off their shoes. Before eating they must put all the plates on the table and wait. They have to eat sit down covered with carpets and blankets; before eating they must wash their hands and sit in front of the person who has invited them.
The original name of Hinduism is: : Religion Sanatana: eternity Dharma: doctrine, honesty, duty. . . Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food All these expresse the eternity of the search for the interior peace. Then we can liberate the cycle of death and attain unity with the Absolute (Brahman)
Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food
Celebrations Festival Date What happens? How they celebrate it? Sankrant (North) Pongal (South) End of January The end of the evil month. ---------------- Spring festival End of January, start of February Festival dedicate to Sarasvati, Goddess of knowledge, Sciences and Letters ---------------- Maha-xivaratri Second half of February The big night of Xiva ---------------- Festival of Holi The last four days of february-march moon Festival dedicated to Krishna. There are games, songs and dances in honour of Krishna. Coloured water is splashed Ramanavami March-April moon Rama’s birth The temples are illuminated, at night. There are festivals and they read the Ramayana Krixna’s birth All region celebrate it in differents months Krishna’s birth over the people attending
Ganesa’s birthday Fourth day after the August-September moon. Ganesa’s birthday (God represented with an elephant head) Images of the God are made from clay or paper and they are thrown into the river or the sea. Worship of ancestors Second half of August. September Durga-puja or Nava-ratra October- November Divine Mother on Mal’s victory The Divine Mother is thrown on Mal’s image. Divali 20 days after the last party ------------------------------- Karttikeya The October/November full moon. Karttikeya’s birthday --------------- Khumbha mela Every 12 years in Prayaga Purification Pilgrimage to Prayaga to swim in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.
They are vegetarians People who sell, cook or serve meat are punished. Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food Religiously to be vegetarians. God has given us sufficient food we have to offer it to him. For Vedas, the egg is a food just like meat. Eating beef would be a mortal sin because this animal has been very important during the history of this religion. The Cow is considered like a mother because it offers us its milk like a natural mother.
Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food The cow: - The cow is milked more often than in other places, and the clarified lard, the curds and the milk, are fundamental elements in the diet of Hindus.
WHAT DO THEY EAT? Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food The abundant food is rice. It is cultivated in many areas of the country together with coffee, sugarcane, bamboo, or opi. Also, they eat livestock products, but a Hindu will never eat a cow. In India, they believe that cows are sacred animals and so eating beef is prohibited.
RASHMI KABAB Chicken breast with chesee, skimmed milk, yogurt with traditional species. PANNER TIKKA Skewer of cheese pieces (paprica) and onion. MURG TIKK (Hindu barbecue) Roast and boneless chicken pieces with traditional species.
ONAM: Date: 12 th September What is it: ONAM is the State festival of Kerala. It is celebrated in honor of Mahabali, the last king of Kerala. Aliments: - Kaya Varuthathu (fried banana with coconut oil) -Rice Puttu (crude rice with coconut) -Idli (different kinds of rice) -Dry Fruit Kesari (Dried fruits cakes)
Religion Geographical situation Celebrations Festivals and food The Indians follow a vegetarian diet because of their religious beliefs. The Indian subcontinent has a sufficient quantity of land inhabited by a variety of people. There are fourteen principal languages and one hundred dialects. We can say that in the south the food is spicier. The Hindu food is based on their exotic spices.
Buddhism is an oriental philosophic doctrine based on Siddharta Gautama teachings (the historic Buddha). BUDDHISM is considered a religion by some and a philosophy by others. It extracts his bases on the spiritual experience of the wise, the “illuminated”. The two fundamental experiences of Buddha are: Religion Geographical Situation Celebrations Festivals and food Samsara Karma Buddhism is one of the most important world religions. It was founded more than 2, 500 years ago in North India. It’s based on the non-violence principles, love, respect for all the sensible beings, peace, tolerance, and compassion.
Religion Geographical Situation Celebrations Festivals and food
Theravada Buddhism Festival Theravada buddhism Date What they celebrate How they celebrate Birth, death and enlightenment of Buddha Late May or early June Birth, death and enlightenment of Buddha ---------------- Uposatha Full moon days of every moon month. Full moon People present at the temple offerings of flowers, food and drink and listen to the sermons of the monks Kathina October – November Year’s final break of three months that monks do. They venerate the monks for the difficulty of their life and habits are offered with other materials. It marks the preaching of Buddha's first sermon ---------------- Asala’s full moon Late June or early august.
Mahayanan Buddhism (East Asia) Festival Mahayanan Buddhism Date What they celebrate How they celebrate Hana Matsuri 8 th April Buddha’s birth -------------- Nehan 15 th February Buddha’s death -------------- Rohatsu 8 th December Buddha’s illumination. -------------- Higan 21 th March i 20 th September Ancestors memorial ceremony. Obon 13 th July (lasts three days) Release of Maudgalyayana’s Hells Visit the graves, reciting Buddhist texts, offerings of flowers, incense and water to the tombs Invoking the ancestors; 1. Day invokes the ancestors, the 2 nd. Food ceremonies and dances in his honor; 3 rd. offerings to Buddha to release the Hells.
Tibetan Buddhism Festival Tibetan Buddhism Date What they celebrate How they celebrate “Losar” (New year eve) New moon day closer to winter’s end, in February. (4 days) Visit their holy places. They clean their houses to symbolize purification. “Gutor” Before new year eve. Ask forgiveness for any bad things they did last year. -------------- “Monlam Chenmo” After new year eve. Festival of prayer. Two weeks ceremony. They make scenes from Buddha’s life with butter figures. Budda’s birth 9 th day of the forth month of Tibetan calendar (June) ----------------------------
Tibetan Buddhism Festival Buddhism Date What they celebrate How they celebrate Buddha’s Illumination and death. The 15 th day of the Tibetan calendar (June). ---------------------------- Lhasa’s 1959 revolution 10 th March ---------------------------- Dalai Lama’s birthday. 6 th July --------------
Uposatha: Religions Geographical situation Celebration Festivals and food People present at the temple offerings of flowers, food and drink and listen to the sermons of the monks Obon: Invoking the ancestors; 1. Day invokes the ancestors, the 2 nd. Food ceremonies and dances in his honor; 3 rd. offerings to Buddha to release the Hells.
Buddhists can’t hurt any living being, so they can’t kill animals. Eating meat means accepting the sacrifice an animal and this is against the principle of non-violence. A lot of Buddhists are vegetarians. They think that killing animals is the same as killing people, because they believe we will reincarnate as animals. Religions Geographical situation Celebration Festivals and food They usually have one meal a day, except Tibetans. There even monks eat meat and if it’s necessary have three meals a day.
Diet restrictions according to religions
Food Eggs Christianity Milk Islamism Hinduism Yes Some Curds Yes Judaism Curds Buddhism Curds Some Cheese Yes no no no yes Chicken Some kosher “halal” some no Lamb Not in Llent kosher “halal” some no Beef Not in Lent kosher “halal” no Pork Not in Lent kosher “halal” no Fish Yes Shellfish Yes Animal fats no “halal” no no “halal” some Yes “kosher” “halal” Some no Some yes no No No Tee or coffee Yes Yes no Vegetables Yes Yes Yes Green vegetables Yes Yes Yes Fruits Yes Yes Yes Some Yon Kippur Ramadan Some Yes Alcohol Fasting
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