The Early Republic, 1789 -1815 Characteristics: • Tumultuous change: Economic, Political, Social • National Identity • Emergence of Race theory/System of classification (Bruce Dain-Harvard) • Expansion Federalist Era: 1789 -1800 (within larger historical era) • Dominated politics • Hatred of political parties/ but still emerged • Fiscal military state vs. rural agricultural state By 1815 (Historian Gordon S. Wood) • Culture • End of slavery in North/ remained in South • Wanted to avoid war/ became embroiled in war
The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, 1801 -1809 Personal • Spoke six languages • Copy of Qu’ran (1764 - 2 volume) • Widowed • Conflicted about slavery • Opposed slave trade/only freed seven of hundreds of slaves/anti-Black sentiment • 6, 487 books- sold to Library of Congress • 1819 - Founded the University of Virginia. Political Agenda: Overview • Promotion of political democracy and expansion • Yeoman farmer/ artisans, tradesman • Political democracy=economically independent citizenry • Decrease Executive branch • Legal precedent: Marbury vs. Madison (1803) Judicial review • Foreign Policy • Impulse: Expansion vs. Avoiding War • Haiti, Napoleon, and the Louisiana Purchase • Barbary States (North Africa) • Embargo Act (1807)
The Mind of Thomas Jefferson… Social • Product of the Enlightenment • Education • Amendment/ failed • Six goals of Education • Jeffersonian Democracy • Narrow interpretation of Constitution • Opposed Federalist Party supported • The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth • Razor and glue. New Testament • 1803 Letter -Dr. Benjamin Rush (Natchez, MS) • Composed it for himself • Notes of the State of Virginia. (1785) • Obsessed- connection between race and intelligence. • Inherent inferiority OR Decades of degrading enslavement. • Anti-Slavery Actions vs. Anti-Black Thought • 1778 - Virginia/ prohibit importation of slaves • 1785 -publically silent
A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic Anti-slavery/Pro-Black Thought • English abolitionist- Granville Sharp • American abolitionist- Lemuel Haynes • Alaudah Equiano and John Marrant • Phillis Wheatley Emergence of Race Theory • Assumptions of fundamental variations in humanity (physiology) • Exclusion from social contract and civil society. • Differences rooted in Nature. • Undid 18 th century abolitionism • Ideology- Blackness becomes innate. Development Via: • Political thought, natural science, moral philosophy, responses to Haitian revolution, colonization to Liberia, abolitionism, and ethnology.
Pirates in the Mediterranean: Northwest African Berber Muslim states and the United States Setting the Stage: The Berbers in North Africa • Language: Barbary • The Barbary States: Tripoli, Algiers (Algeria) , Morocco=Piracy of Mediterranean shipping • Extort ransom, pillage, enslavement of crews • U. S. - Tribute to Barbary states (Hood tax to operate trade) • Spain: 1784 suggested to offer tribute • Envoys to Morocco and Algeria • Peace treaty 12 June 1786: ended all Moroccan piracy • Algiers: Capture of schooners Maria and Dauphin • Captive for a decade. $600, 000 each state • 1795: release of 115 sailors, over $1 million dollars • Jefferson refusal: 1801. Pasha of Tripoli, demand $225, 000/cut down flagstaff • The First Barbary War 1801 -1805 • Second Barbary War: 1815.
Setting the Precedent: Judicial Review, One Big Land Purchase, and the Corps of Discovery… Judicial Review • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Problematic: John Adams Federalist “Midnight judges. ” • Delivery of commissions to appointed judges • Federalist Judge Chief Justice John Marshall • End Result: Judicial Review. The Louisiana Purchase ($15 mil. ) • Men of the Western Waters • Napoleon’s Plans for Louisiana • Jefferson’s Plan to Secure Louisiana- New Orleans The Lewis and Clark Expedition • Corps of Discovery • Sacajawea • Incorporating Louisiana: Division of territories.
Gossip and Conspiracies in the Early Republic The Case of Sally Hemings (The Revolutionary Period) • Biracial: Enslaved Elizabeth Hemings and English Captain John Hemings • 1774: property of Thomas Jefferson • Paris, 1787. • Six children* • Was not emancipated. The Burr Conspiracy: A Treasonous Cabal and Texas Territory • 1805 -1806: Travels to Texas Territory (Spanish). • Planters, Politicians, Army Officials. Plans in Newspaper, August 1805. • Arrest: 1806. • Trial: Charge of Treason. Not Guilty • Lack of Evidence • Legacy: • Privilege: Executive and States • Independence of Investigation: • Subpoenas: Issue of release of papers • Executive independent of Judiciary • President: Subject to Law
European Harassment and An Embargo Harassment by Britain • Contest for world power: 1791 -1815 • Seized American citizens and property • Impressment: 2 nd Jefferson Administration • 1795 Jay Treaty: Did not address this issue • Forcibly seizing ships and sailors to work in Royal Navy • American warship the USS Chesapeake • Growing pressure for war Embargo Act of 1807 • Prohibited all foreign commerce/respect of American rights • Failed to compel • Jefferson-hypocrite- foe of excessive government/U. S. Navy patrols • Stimulated domestic manufacturing • Repealed: Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Presidency of James Madison, 1809 -1817 Characteristics • 4 th president: War and Domestic Policy • Term dominated by tensions with Britain • Pressured towards war with Great Britain- War of 1812 • (Theatre of Napoleonic Wars) • Domestic Problems: War-hawks, the Indigenous, Frontier Indigenous Policies • Paternalistic • Protected indigenous lands (military commander Andrew Jackson) • Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)- Indiana Territory and Tecumseh Economic Policies • Congress failed to re-authorize charter of first Bank of America • 1816 - signed act/ federal bank supported war • Taxation: tariffs, professional military, internal improvements (Henry Clay) • Vetoed Bonus Bill of 1817: financed roads, bridges, canals
The War of 1812 Causes • Violation of American Rights • Increased British navy aggression • Royal Navy boarded ships/Impressed its seamen • Expansion • Armed indigenous in Northwest Territory- “buffer zone” • War Hawks: supported war • Economic Motivations: • Unfinished business from American Revolution • Failure of Embargo Act 1807 • War or Absolute submission Incidents • 1807: HMS Leopard & American warship USS Chesapeake • Leander Affair: Jefferson banned British ships in ports • Napoleon’s Continental System (1806) and British Orders in Council (1807) • 900 American ships seized- 1807 -1812 • 1 June 1812: Madison outlines grievances against Britain
Course of War of 1812 Course of War • Land, Coasts, and Waterways The War in the South • Creek War: Andrew Jackson (1813 -1814) • Began as Civil War within Creek Nation • Red Sticks • Battle of Burnt Corn: U. S. Involvement • Tecumseh • Red Sticks • Fort Mims Massacre: massacre against whites and biracial Creeks • Treaty of 1814: Language. 20 million acres of Georgia land • Battle of New Orleans- 1815. The War in the Chesapeake • British response to burning of York in Upper Canada • Burned White House in 1814 • Francis Scott Key: The Star Spangled Banner
Dolley Madison and Washington City National Capital • Land given by Maryland • Jefferson: “Dismal Indian swamp” • Dolley Madison • 17 years younger • Social graces and hospitality • Stand-in for First Lady of Jefferson • Architect Benjamin Latrobe Burning of Washington, 1814 • Statue of George Washington • Organized enslaved to save valuables • Paul Jennings: James Madison’s personal servant (15 years old) • Purchased freedom from Dolley Madison • Reconstruction • 2009 Jennings reunion/ Enslaved Contributions/ White House
Treaty of Ghent: 24 December 1814 Key Points • Conditions of pre-war status • Arranged prior to Battle of New Orleans • Status quo antebellum • Released all prisoners • Restored all war lands and boats • British- return of freed Black slaves
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