The Early Middle Ages Section 5 To arrive

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 “To arrive at a just estimate of a renowned man’s character one must judge it by the standards of his time, not ours. ” - Mark Twain An average person’s brain weighs as much as an average person’s skin.

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Trade and Towns Main Idea Towns and cities grew during the high Middle Ages as the amount of trade increased between Europe and other continents.

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Growth of Trade began to grow in Europe after the Crusades. Most of this trade was controlled by merchants from Italy and Northern Europe. Italian Trade Cities Selling Goods • Italians among earliest to build thriving trade • Hanseatic League actively traded in northern Europe • Venetian sailors traveled to Byzantine Empire, Muslim lands brought back silk and spices from China, India • Northern German towns, worked together to promote, protect trade - controlled most trade between Europe, Russia, Baltic region • Italians controlled almost all southern European trade • Goods were expensive, very profitable – sold at trade fairs

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Times and Locations • Trade fairs usually held once a year, specific locations - some trade fairs lasted for months • Schedule staggered so merchants could travel from one to another Market • Trade fairs not attended by average person - generally places for sales between merchants • For everyday needs, people visited local markets - sold locally-produced goods Money, Credit, and Banks • Trade encouraged use of money, had not been common in Europe for years previously workers paid with goods • Cities began minting coins, workers began demanding coins for payment • Some merchants allowed customers to buy goods on credit • Use of money, credit led to creation of Europe’s first banks • Most money-lenders were Jews, barred from many other occupations

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did trade grow and develop in the Middle Ages? Answer(s): Italian merchants traded around Mediterranean; Hanseatic League promoted trade; trade fairs brought together buyers and sellers; increased use of currency and credit

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Growth of Towns and Cities • Thriving trade, increase in use of money helped lead to expansion, growth • Hoping to make money, many peasants left farms and villages for cities, towns

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Growth of Towns and Cities New Technologies • Heavy plow increased amount of crops grown on land; water mill, windmill, used power of nature to grind wheat into flour • Improved technologies meant fewer people needed to farm • Enabled more people to move to cities, build life there Free Towns • Merchants moved into medieval towns to conduct trade • Did not want to pay high taxes to local lords in those towns • King allowed charters for new towns run by merchants, taxes paid only to king • Paris, London, and Rome grew quickly and began to be referred to as cities

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Growth of Towns and Cities Guilds • Increase in populations caused craftspeople to organize to protect interests • Created trade organizations called guilds; members had same occupation • Primary function to restrict competition; set standards, prices for products Training • Guilds also trained children in their crafts • Apprentices worked learning the basic skills of the craft from one master • Journeymen traveled to different workshops, learning from many masters Restrictions • Difficult for journeymen to become masters, due to guild restrictions • Most guilds open only to men • Some industries like textiles accepted women members

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: Why did towns grow in the Middle Ages? Answer(s): technology reduced need for farm workers, people moved to towns; towns grew under merchant leadership

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Daily Life in Cities According to today’s standards, the cities that grew up in Europe and the Middle Ages were small and crowded. At times, life in these cities could be very unpleasant. Streets Fire and Crime • Were narrow, winding • Made medieval cities dangerous • Shops, houses lined both sides • High buildings blocked sunlight • Air hazy with smoke from cooking, tanneries • Crowded with people, • Most buildings made of wood, straw roofs animals • Violence common • Sanitation bad Some Benefits • Churches, eating halls, markets • Guilds provided plays, public entertainment, and festivals • Sports common • Guilds competed against each other

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Daily Life in Cities • Growth of cities brought about greater familiarity with world • Cities allowed for spread of arts, new ideas

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: What was life like in a medieval town? Answer(s): narrow winding streets; trash and waste in the street; smelly and smoky; lots of animals; places for people to socialize; plays and festivals; sports

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Art and Culture of the Middle Ages Main Idea During the Middle Ages, great achievements were made in the visual arts, literature, and thinking and learning.

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Visual Arts Many art historians consider the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris to be one of the finest artistic achievements of the Middle Ages. Like most art in the Middle Ages, it was created as a symbol of God. Gothic Architecture Engineering Airy Feeling • Some of greatest • Gothic designs examples of religious possible through feelings found in advances in churches engineering • Flying buttresses allowed higher ceilings, eliminated columns • Built in new Gothic style • New type of support, flying buttress • Larger windows possible • Taller, brighter than previous churches • Supported walls from outside • Stained glass showed Biblical scenes, saints

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Flying Buttress The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Visual Arts Illumination Tapestry • Religious texts richly decorated by • Most medieval art religious; some showed daily life, history illumination, decorating manuscript with pictures, designs • Illuminators brought pages to life with scenes from manuscript; painted plants, animals, people • Decorated the first letter on a page, making it large, colorful, and flowing • Tapestries, large woven wall hangings, hung in castles to prevent drafts • Many tapestries show scenes from daily life, fantastic creatures, unicorns, dragons • Bayeux Tapestry, story of William the Conqueror

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: What were three forms of medieval art? Answer(s): architecture, illumination, and tapestries

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Literature Writers from the Middle Ages produced works that covered a wide spectrum, including religion, romance and epic adventures. Religious Texts • Many writings dealt with religion • Few people other than monks, priests could read or write - Latin • Range of works – Sermons on how to live – Interpretations of Bible passages – Lives of saints • Widely read by nobility, clergy Songs and Poems • Medieval writers created religious songs, poems • Wrote dozens of poems, music to accompany them Literature • Included epics, romances • Epics, romances often performed by troubadours

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Major Works Canterbury Tales • Geoffrey Chaucer’s collection of stories • Group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury; each tells story to entertain others • Characters give insight into what life was like in the Middle Ages The Divine Comedy • Dante Alighieri’s story of his imaginary trip through the afterlife • Composed in three parts, or cantos • On journey, met people from own life, as well as figures from history Contributions • Chaucer helped increase use of written English language in England, where many had been speaking French • Dante’s writing shaped development of Italian language for centuries

The Early Middle Ages Canterbury Tales Section 5

The Early Middle Ages The Divine Comedy Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: What subjects did medieval authors write about? Answer(s): religious subjects; heroes, villains, love; chivalry

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Thinking and Learning New Ideas • Religious writers of Middle Ages spread new ideas throughout Europe • New ideas gave rise to new ways of thinking and learning Constrictions Alchemy • People in Middle Ages curious about how world worked • Began to conduct scientific experiments in alchemy, early form of chemistry Great Secrets • Experiments constricted by reliance on authority of Greek writers • Alchemists convinced they could find way to turn base metals into gold, but could not • Also by teaching of the Catholic Church • Work in alchemy influenced later growth of science

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Universities • Growth of European universities influenced by Islamic scholarship • Blending of European, Islamic cultures led to translation of Aristotle, other Greek scholars, from Arabic into Latin • European scholars exposed to new ideas • Universities taught mainly religious courses first, but later broadened scope to include medicine, law Thomas Aquinas • One of most influential medieval scholars, Thomas Aquinas • Keenly interested in works of ancient philosophers, especially Aristotle • He tried to use Aristotle’s methods of logic to prove existence of God Teachings • Aquinas’ use of intellect and logic to bring together opposing ideas became known as Scholasticism • Teachings helped expand former ways of thinking, understanding helped Europeans place themselves in wider world

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did thinking and learning change in the Middle Ages? Answer(s): experiments in alchemy; universities appeared; Aquinas's development of Scholasticism

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 “Well behaved women rarely make history. ” - Laurel Thatcher Ulrich Marilyn Monroe was a former Miss California Artichoke Queen.

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Challenges of the Late Middle Ages Main Idea In the late Middle Ages, Europeans faced many challenges, including religious crises, wars, and a deadly plague.

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Religious Crises In 1346, Europe faced challenges to its religious, political and social order. Since Christianity tied most Europeans together, religious crises were a grave threat to all society. Heresy • Heresy, beliefs that opposed official teachings of church • Heretical beliefs began increasing in Europe, 1100 s • Spread throughout medieval society Alarm Order • Most people remained faithful • Heresy threatened social order in church • Cases of heresy increased, church officials alarmed • Heretical beliefs frightened religious officials • Heretics de-emphasized role of clergy, sacraments • Determined to stop spread of heresy

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Fighting heresy • Inquisitions primary method of fighting heresy • Legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried suspected heretics • Accused came before court, local authorities punished guilty parties Other means • Francis of Assisi, Dominic of Osma, created new religious orders • Members of orders, friars, spread Christian teachings among people • War also used to fight heresy • Pope Innocent III called for crusade against heretics in southern France, 1208; spent 20 years trying to eliminate heretics there

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages St. Francis and St. Dominic Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Pope Innocent III Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 The Papacy in Dispute Adding to turmoil in medieval church, a dispute over the papacy • Political fighting in Rome, 1309 – Pope forced to flee to Avignon, southern France – Next several popes also lived at Avignon • 100 years of dispute – 70 years later, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome – Upon his death, disagreement over new pope; two claimed power, one in Rome, one in Avignon – Council of Pisa tried to settle dispute, created third claim to office – Conflict unresolved, 3 popes reigned in Europe for 40 years

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: What religious challenges did Europeans face in the later Middle Ages? Answer(s): the Inquisition, location of the papacy, who would be the next pope

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Wars and Conflict Wars were also being fought so political leaders could gain power for themselves. The two most violent involved the kings of England. Hundred Years’ War • French king died without son, 1328 • King Edward III of England, nearest living relative • Also had first cousin, regent • English wanted Edward to rule both countries • French did not want English king, favored regent King Philip VI • Regent crowned as King Philip VI of France, decision did not please English • Edward invaded France, 1337, began Hundred Years’ War • English won many victories – Used better weapons – Moved deeper into France – Under Henry V, advanced to gates of Paris

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages VS

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Hundred Years’ War Changed Course King Charles VII • Young peasant girl, Joan of Arc, changed course of war, 1429 • After Joan’s death, French King Charles VII rallied army • Claimed saints told her to lead French into battle • French steadily took back land lost to English • Joan, army defeated English at Orléans • Drove English almost completely out of country, 1453 • Led French to several more victories before being captured, executed by British • War finally ended after more than 100 years

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Charles VII

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Black Death Another crisis Different theories • Hundred Years’ War took toll on English, French armies • Historians unsure what disease was, or if single disease • At same time another crisis struck, between 1347 and 1351 • One theory, combination of two different plagues • Black Death, deadly plague • Bubonic, pneumonic Origins • Brought to Europe by merchant sailors from Genoa Spread quickly • Plague traveled with merchants • Plague contracted in Asia • Spread quickly, struck coastal regions first, moved inland • Flea-infected rats moved from Genoa to European ports • Almost all of Europe touched by Black Death by 1351

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Black Death Course of the Disease • • • Black Death, one of worst global killers in all history Symptoms: dark splotches, high fever, vomiting, severe headaches Almost always fatal, most who caught plague died within days Priests and doctors who tended sick also caught plague, died Plague devastated Europe, Central Asia, North Africa, Byzantine Empire Effects More Vacant Land Varying responses to plague Most common, God’s punishment Some turned to witchcraft for cures Some blamed Jews, accused of poisoning water wells • Led to increase in anticlericalism, anti. Semitic feelings in Europe • Loss of population left more vacant land, bought by wealthy • Created more efficiently organized estates, used less labor • Peasants moved to cities to find work • Medieval manor system fell apart • •

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

Section 5 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did the Black Death help end the manorial system? Answer(s): reduced labor supply; survivors demanded wages; left manors for cities; manor system collapsed

The Early Middle Ages Section 5