The Diminishing Rhinoceros the Crescive Cow Exploring

The Diminishing Rhinoceros & the Crescive Cow Exploring, Organizing, and Describing, Qualitative Data • • • Essentials Data set characteristics Frequency Distributions Frequency Tables for Qualitative Data Charts & Graphs for Qualitative Data Pictographs

Essentials: Qualitative Data (Be able to address the following. ) • Characteristics of qualitative variables. • Building a qualitative frequency table. • Appropriate charts/graphs for qualitative data (and how to make them).

Exploring, Organizing, and Describing Data • Before beginning to analyze data, it is important to know three things: • • • 1. Did the data come from a sample or a population? 2. Are the data qualitative or quantitative? 3. In what measurement scale are the data reported? • Knowing the characteristics of a variable allows one to select appropriate presentation formats and analysis procedures.

Important Characteristics of a Data Set • Center – an “average” value that indicates where the middle of the data is located. For qualitative data the “center” is represented by the mode, or most frequently occurring value. • Variation – a measure of the amount that the values vary among themselves. • Distribution – the “shape” of the distribution of data. • Outliers – values that are far away from the majority of values. • Time – changing characteristics of data over time.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS • A Frequency Distribution represents the range over which a variable’s values occur. For qualitative data the distribution is represented by the categories (values) of the variable. • A Qualitative Frequency Table lists the categories (values) of a variable, along with the frequencies (counts) of the number of values that fall into each category and what portion of all values the category frequency represents, known as the relative frequency. In addition, for ordinal data, a frequency table may show cumulative frequencies and cumulative relative frequencies. • Frequency Tables are derived from RAW DATA through the use of a TALLY process.

Qualitative Frequency Distributions • Qualitative or Categorical Frequency Distributions present categorical data, such as gender, hair color, or military rank. • Each category of the variable is presented along with the frequency of its occurrence and a relative frequency.

Building and Displaying a Qualitative Frequency Distribution (Nominal Data) START HERE: The Tally Data: Tally (count) occurrences of each category of the item. Blue: 11111 = 10 Brown: 11111 11 = 12 Green: 11111 1 = 11 Color of m&m's in One 1. 69 Oz. Bag Color Freq. Rel. Freq. Blue 10 0. 175 Brown 12 0. 211 Green 11 0. 193 Orange 3 0. 053 Red 8 0. 140 Yellow 13 0. 228 Totals 57 1. 00 Orange: 111 = 3 Red: 11111 = 8 Yellow: 11111 111 = 13 Next build the table: List the values of the variable (here color) followed by columns for the frequency of occurrence and the relative frequency Relative freq. = the number of a category/total number of items. For, example, the relative frequency of green candies out of all 57 candies is 11/57 =. 193 NOTE: For ordinal data add cumulative frequency and cumulative relative frequency columns as with quantitative tables – example on next slide. )

Variations on a Qualitative Frequency Table The table below presents the same m&m’s data, but in slightly different format. The relative frequency has been replaced by the percent of candies a given color is of all candies. A percentage is equal to the relative frequency * 100. Because of the “ordering” characteristic of ordinal data, two additional columns, cumulative frequency (cf) and cumulative relative frequency (crf), are added to a table.

Color of m&m's in One 1. 69 Oz. Bag Bar Chart Blue 10 0. 175 Brown 12 0. 211 Green 11 0. 193 Orange 3 0. 053 Red 8 0. 140 Yellow 13 0. 228 • The height of a bar represents the frequency or relative frequency of the value. Rel. Freq. • In a bar chart the bars do not touch and are equal in width. Freq. The Bar Chart is a commonly used chart for the presentation of qualitative, categorical data. Within a bar chart there will be a bar for each value of the variable. The bar can represent frequency data or relative frequency data. Color Totals 57 1. 00 BEWARE: Bar Charts and Histograms (used for quantitative data) look similar, but are actually quite different in structure. Knowing what type of data you are working with will lead you to the correct chart type.

Bar Chart Variations: Bar Charts may be used to compare data. A Stacked Bar Chart will divide each bar by some other categorical variable. A Clustered Bar Chart (side by side) will provide separate bars for a variable across the values of a second variable. Stacked Bar Chart: Below the variable month is sub-divided by the location of the houses sold during the specified months. Clustered Bar Charts: Below are two clustered bar charts. Both depict information regarding the number of houses sold by month in three cities. The bar chart on the left shows where sales occurred and is based upon a count. Dallas experienced far more house sales in a selected month than either other city. In contrast, the bar chart on the right is based upon relative frequency. It shows for each city what portion (rel. freq. ) of its total sales occurred each month. Count based: Total Sales for a Month. Rel. Freq. based: Portion of total sales for a city.

Pareto Chart Color of m&m's in One 1. 69 Oz. Bag Note that there are two y-axes. One for counts and the other for corresponding percentages. Ogive - Color Freq. Rel. Freq. Blue 10 0. 175 Brown 12 0. 211 Green 11 0. 193 Orange 3 0. 053 Red 8 0. 140 Yellow 13 0. 228 A Pareto Chart is similar to a bar chart, except the categories appear from most frequent to least frequent (left to right). Totals 57 1. 00 In some instances a pareto chart will contain a cumulative frequency line, which represents the summed frequencies from left to right. As a separate chart the cumulative frequency line is called an Ogive (pronounced with a long “i” – Oj-Ive).

Pie Chart Color of m&m's in One 1. 69 Oz. Bag Color Freq. Rel. Freq. Blue 10 0. 175 Brown 12 0. 211 Green 11 0. 193 Orange 3 0. 053 Red 8 0. 140 Yellow 13 0. 228 Pie Charts present qualitative data or grouped quantitative data. To determine the size of each slice, first find the relative frequency for a value or category. Then multiply the relative frequency times 360 o. The result will be the portion of the circle’s circumference that will represent the category. Totals 57 1. 00 Example: 11 green candies represent. 193 (or 19. 3%) of all candies. Multiply 360 o *. 193 = 69. 48 o, which is the length of the arc on the circumference representing green candies. NOTE: Arc degrees are not included on pie charts. Arc = 69. 480

What do these pictographs tell you about rhinos and cows?

The Crescive Cow Revisited Proper presentation using a pictograph.