The Development of the English Vocabulary • General survey of the English vocabulary. • Etymological characteristics of the English vocabulary: – Words of native origin. – Borrowings and their assimilation. – Etymological doublets. – -International words.
Recommended literature: • Антрушина, Г. Б. , Афанасьева, О. В. , Морозова, Н. Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие для студентов. – 3 -е изд. , стереотип. – M. : Дрофа, 2001. - С. 44 - 56, 62 - 71. • Arnold I. V. The English word. – M. : Высш. школа, 1986. – С. • Харитончик З. А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. –Мн. : Выш. шк. , 1992. – С. 223 -226. • Дубенец Э. М. Лексикология современного английского языка: лекции и семинары. Пособие для студентов гуманитарных вузов. – М. : «Глосса. Пресс» , 2002. – С.
morphemic structure • The number of monomorphic and monosyllabic words in English is greater than in other languages. • Simplicity of form is one of the reasons that the English word stock is full of homonymous words
word building • the limited inventory of affixes as compared to Russian • the wide development of conversion: hammer - to hammer, paper – to paper; • the wide spread of composite words of the ‘give up’ type: make up, get up, bring up; • structural cohesion (слияние) of a word group in an attributive function: a heart-to-heart talk, don’t –touch-or-I’ll- kill-you expression on the face; • a wide spread of the so called ‘stone wall’ structures.
Etymology • is a branch of linguistics which studies the primary meaning, the origin of the word. • It also establishes the genetic ties between words of different languages • According to etymological principle vocabulary is divided into 2 classes: 1. the native word stock (30%), 2. borrowed/loan words (about 70%).
• Native words are mostly monomorphic, very frequent and highly polysemantic. • Borrowed words are polysyllabic in most cases, polysyllabic character of native words is usually the result of different derivational processes in the language.
The native words are subdivided into • the Indo- European stock - words of roots common to all or most languages in the Indo – European group • Common Germanic origin - words of roots common to most Germanic languages • English proper - have no cognates (words of the same etymological root, of common origin) in other languages unlike the words of the previous 2 groups
Borrowings • Latin borrowings - 3 waves: • The 1 st wave dates back to the 1 st century B. C. (the time of Roman invasion): street, wall, mill, port; dish, cup, kitchen; fruits and vegetables: cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, pepper; food and drink: butter, wine, etc. • The 2 nd wave - the 7 th century A. D. (the spreading of Christianity) church and religious rituals: priest, bishop, archbishop, clerk, monk, nun, candle, angel, devil, etc. • The 3 rd wave –the 15 th century (period of Renaissance ): senior, junior, major, minor, through Latin or French were adopted Greek names of sciences and politics: philosophy, philology, physics, democracy, senator, sympathy, theatre, etc.
• The 5 th century A. D. the Anglo-Saxon invasion Celtic words: Mod. English bald, down, glen, druid, bard, cradle, etc. the names of rivers such as Avon, Exe, Esk, Ux originate from Celtic words meaning ‘river’ and ‘water’. • Scandinavian borrowings - the 9 th century (the invasion of the Danes which lasted till 1042) The early Scandinavian borrowings are call, take, cast, die, husband (inhabitant of the house), window (the eye of the wind), etcsky, skirt, skin, till, all, fellow
French borrowings (the Norman conquest - 1066 ) administrative words: state, government, parliament, council, power; legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison; military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy; educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pencil; numerous words from everyday life: table, dinner, supper, place, dress, aunt, uncle, etc. the newer borrowings came in the Middle Ages (16 th century): ballet, garage, machine, campaign, prestige, etc.
Native and loan words The native element The borrowed element 1. Indo-European element 1. Celtic (5 th-6 th A. D) 2. Germanic element 2. Latin : 1 st century B. C. 7 th century A. D. the Renaissance period 3. English proper element 3. Scandinavian (8 th-11 th century A. D. ) 4. French : Norman borrowings (11 th -13 th cent. ) Parisian borrowings (the Renaissance period) 5. Greek 6. Italian the Renaissance period and later 7. Spanish 8. German 9. Indian 10. Russian
Assimilation • Phonetic assimilation • Grammatical assimilation • Lexical assimilation
A classification of loan words according to a degree of assimilation • Fully or completely assimilated • Partially assimilated • Unassimilated words or barbarisms
Etymological doublets • 2 or more words different both in form and meaning but having the same etymological source pris price uncia ounce prize inch moneta money mint
Etymological doublets may come • from different languages which are historically descended from the same root: senior (Lat. ) – sir (Fr. ), canal (Lat. ) – channel (Fr. ); • from the same language but in different periods: goal (Norman Fr. ) – jail (Parisian Fr. ). • Etymological triplets, groups of 3 words of common root (occur rarely) : hospital (Lat. ) – hostel (Norman Fr. ) – hotel (Parisian Fr. ); to capture (Lat. ) - to catch (Norman Fr. ) – to chase (Parisian Fr. ).
International words • are words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of borrowing from one source. International words express notions belonging to science, culture, technology, and sport. aria, arioso, concert, duet opera, etc •
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