The development of science and culture of Kazakhstan

The development of science and culture of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War • Higher education during the war • The fate of the textbook “A History of the Kazakh SSR from the earliest times to our days”. Alma Ata, 1943. • Deportation of Peoples in Kazakhstan

Literatura Бургарт Л. А. Немцы в Восточном Казахстане в 1941 -1956 гг. : депортация и жизнь в условиях спецпоселения. Усть-Каменогорск, 1997. ; Кыдыралина Ж. У. Спецпереселенцы и трудармейцы в Западном Казахстане (1937 -1957 гг. ). - Алматы, 2000. ; Сулейменова М. Ж. Историческая роль депортированных народов и репрессированных социальных групп в развитии народного хозяйства Центрального Казахстана в 1930 -1940 -е годы. - Караганда. 2001. ; Калыбекова М. Ч. Казахстан как объект переселения депортированных народов (1937 -1956 гг. Исторический аспект). - Алматы, 2005. J. Otto Pohl The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR. 2001 Бердинских В. А. Спецпоселенцы: Политическая ссылка народов Советской России. — М. , 2005 Николай Бугай. Депортация народов М. 1998 Сталинские депортации 1928 -1953. Сборник документов. М. , 2005

Glossary • Consciousness | ‘kɒnƒəsnis| - осознание • Unambiguous |ʌnaem’bigju: wəs| - недвусмысленный , точно выраженный • Reassessment |ri: ə’ sesmənt| - переоценка, ревизия • exonerate |ig’zonəreit| -оправдать, реабилитировать • undisguised – открытый, явный • Martial |’ma: rƒəl|– воинственный • Obsolescence |obsə’lesəns|– моральный износ • Exile |’egzail| – изгонять, ссылка

Higher education during the war • The Scientific potential of Kazakhstan grew much in the Great Patriotic War. First of all, it was connected with the fact that the evacuated scientists and scientific institutes stayed in the republic. During the war a scientific degree of the candidate and the doctor’s were given to 130 teachers of high schools. 7 new institutes of the Kazakhstan Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences were organized. In Alma -Ata were founded: • The Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages (1943), • The Shimkent Institute of Construction Materials Technology (1943), • the Conservatory (1944), • the Female Pedagogical Institute (1944).

• The research and pedagogical staff was completed due to evacuated and subjected to repression scientists and teachers. The number of students grew from 10, 4 thousand in 1941 up to 15, 1 thousand in 1945.

The fate of the textbook “A History of the Kazakh SSR from the earliest times to our days”. A M Pankratova, Alma Ata, 1943. • During World War II, scientists of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR were evacuated to Alma-Ata. Led by A. Pankratova famoust historians from Moscow (A. Bernstam. B. Greeks, N. Druzhininin), Leningrad (M. Vyatkin) and Alma-Ata (E. Bekmakhanov, M. Auezov, E. Ismailov) began to write "History of the Kazakh SSR. ” It was in the Soviet historical science stories first experience of a generalization of the republic from ancient times to the early years of the Great Patriotic War • History of the Kazakh SSR was nominated for a Stalin prize in 1943 as soon as it rolled off the presses.

The reasons for accusations textbook "History. . " • A. I. lakovlev objected to tsarist colonial policy's being described in terms similar to those used to discuss the cross-border raiding that emanated from the Khiva and Kokand emirates , the book demonstrated "a lack of good will, not just in relation to the policies of the Russian imperial state, but in relation to the Russian people themselves. ", " he also questioned the emphasis placed on Kazakh resistance to tsarist rule. ”

Arguments textbook authors • Pankratova and her colleagues protested directly to V. P. Potemkin at the history section of the Stalin prize committee late in 1943. • According to Pankratova, lakovlev was incorrect in thinking that, if the gathering of Russian lands under Ivan Kalita, Ivan III, and Ivan IV was to be considered progressive, so too should territorial expansion in the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries. To illustrate her point, that "the Russian tsars, followed the general Russian tendency of supporting the security of the Russian borders and the Russian population. " Such apologetic treatments of tsarist expansionism, came close to contradicting Lenin's unambiguously negative evaluation of colonialism as an economic system.

Arguments textbook authors 2. Justifying their book's stress on revolts against the tsarist colonial administration, Pankratova explained that Kazakh resistance to Russian tsarism often turned into revolts against local indigenous elites, thus indicating that ethnic consciousness was inseparable from class consciousness.

Reassessment of the book early in 1944. • Aleksandrov as chief Agitprom believed that “ History…”: 1. “ the book is anti-Russian, as the authors’ sympathies are on the side of those revolting against tsarism and there is no effort to exonerate Russia; 2. the book is written without acknowledgment of the fact that Kazakhstan stood outside of history and that it was Russia that brought [the Kazakhs] into the ranks of the historical peoples. • The influence of the Pokrovskii school also finds its expression in the fact that the non-Russian peoples' unification with Russia is appraised as an «absolute evil» by historians examining it independently of the concrete circumstances in which it took place. The interrelationship between the Russian people and the other peoples of Russia is looked at solely in the context of tsarist colonial policies. In the History of the Kazakh SSR the history of Kazakhstan is limited, by and large, to the history of Kazakh revolts against Russia.

AGITPROP • The term originated in Soviet Union as a shortened form of отдел агитации и пропаганды (otdel agitatsii i propagandy), i. e. , Department for Agitation and Propaganda, which was part of the Central and regional committees of the Communist party of the Soviet Union. The department was later renamed Ideological Department. • Nowadays the term 'AGITPROP' is used more generically to refer to any form of mass media, such as a television program or film, that tries to influence opinion for its own ends, especially if it aims to convince people through agitating their minds with highly emotional language of problems in present-day society or politics (which may or may not exist at all if analysed in an unbiased manner).

Arguments textbook authors • Furious with this undisguised display of Russian chauvinism, Pankratova protested to Zhdanov (Chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet from 20 July 1938– 20 June 1947). She argued that, while revising M. N. Pokrovskii's wholly negative characterization of Russian colonialism was necessary. She argued that books like «History of the Kazakh SSR» were capable of discussing the realities of tsarist colonialism and the military traditions of the non-Russian peoples, while at the same time propagandizing "the friendship of the peoples and [their] respect and love for the great Russian people. "

Arguments textbook authors • A. Pancratova appealed to Shcherbakov (head of the Main Political Administration), phrasing her argument somewhat differently in terms of how her book helped "to propagandize the Soviet peoples' martial and heroic traditions in the national units of the Red Army. "

The fading imperative of non-Russian propaganda and the heavy atmosphere of wartime Russocentrism meant that, by 1944, the position advanced by Pankratova and her allies had lapsed into obsolescence. Although these scholars might have found support in Zhdanov's theses on historiography, the party hierarchy's failure to issue a ruling on the conference instead allowed a series of minor Central Committee, republican, and obkom resolutions to solidify the now unambiguously Russocentric line.

Deportation of Peoples in Kazakhstan • The Soviet political police, NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) exiled the Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, and Meskhetian Turks to Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia, and other remote areas of the USSR in 1943 and 1944. These brutal forced relocations to desolate areas with poor material conditions resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths.

The reasons for the deportation of Crimean Tatars • The German military authorities in the Crimea began creating self defense battalions from Crimean Tatar POWs in January 1942. General Manstein viewed the Crimean Tatars as being more sympathetic to the German occupation than the Slavic population of the peninsula. These POWs volunteered for service in the self defense battalions in exchange for release from the camps and better rations. The Germans formed six battalions and 14 companies of Crimean Tatars with 1, 632 men by 15 February 1942. •

• Despite the Stalin regime's contrary claims, tens of thousands of Crimean Tatars risked their lives fighting against Nazi Germany. Eight of these soldiers even won the Hero of the Soviet Union award. On 11 May 1944, the Soviet Red Army recaptured the Crimean peninsula. On this same day the GKO (State Defense Committee) issued resolution N 5859 -ths signed by Joseph Stalin. • This decree ordered the deportation of all Crimean Tatars from the Crimea to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. • For 1943 -1945 had been deported more than 370 thousand Crimean Tatars

Deportation of Germans in Kazakhstan • In 1897 the Russian Empire had 1, 791, 000 ethnic German subjects. The German population of the USSR numbered 1, 621, 000 in 1918, 1, 238, 000 in 1926, 1, 152, 000 in 1937. • During the 1940 s and early 50 s, the Stalin regime sought to destroy these Germans as culturally distinct groups of people. The Soviet government employed a combination of physical liquidation and forced assimilation into the dominant Russian culture to accomplish this goal. • Motivation. The official Soviet explanation for the mass expulsion of the ethnic Germans of the Volga and elsewhere in the USSR to special settlements is that they represented a potential fifth column of spies and saboteurs waiting to assist the invading Nazi forces

Deportation of Germans in Kazakhstan • Between 3 September 1941 and 1 January 1942, the NKVD forcibly deported 799, 459 ethnic Germans from the Volga region (Volga German ASSR, Stalingrad Oblast, and Saratov Oblast) to confined areas of internal exile called special settlements in the Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Urals. • Beginning in January 1942, the NKVD forcibly mobilized hundreds of thousands of German special settlers into labor battalions and colonies collectively known as the trudarmiia (labor army). These forced labor units worked under NKVD discipline in physical conditions similar to those of Gulag prisoners.

The Volga Germans • The Volga Germans received the first utonomous national territory in the USSR. On 19 October 1918, the Bolshevik government created the Volga German Workers’ Commune. The Soviet regime upgraded this territory to the ASSRWD (Autonomen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik der Wolgadeutschen) on 20 February 1924. 31 The Volga German Republic had considerable administrative and cultural autonomy.

• The Stalin regime deported the Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, and Meskhetian Turks in preparation for this anti-Turkish campaign. All of these Muslim nationalities had historical and cultural ties to Turkey. They also all occupied strategic areas of the Soviet Union in relation to Turkey.

• On 11 May 1944, the Soviet Red Army recaptured the last holdouts of the German Wehrmacht on the Crimean peninsula. On this same day the GKO (State Defense Committee) issued resolution N 5859 ss signed by Joseph Stalin. This decree ordered the deportation of all Crimean Tatars from the Crimea to Uzbekistan.

• The Soviet government allowed the surviving Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, and Balkars to return to their homelands and reestablish their national institutions in the late 1950 s. The Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks, however, remained exiled far from their roots. Only after 1989, could a significant number of Crimean Tatars return to their ancestral homeland. Today more than 250, 000 (more than 50% of the total population in the former USSR) Crimean Tatars reside in the Crimea