The Color of Grammar The 8 Parts of

The Color of Grammar The 8 Parts of Speech Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

The Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 Preposition Conjunction Interjection

Noun A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Types of Nouns 1. Proper 2. Common 3. Abstract 4. Concrete 5. Collective Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Proper Noun • A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. • Ex. – Kay, Miami, White House Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Common Noun • A common noun is the name of an ordinary noun. • Ex. – city, woman, building, shoe Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Abstract Noun • An abstract noun names a quality, a characteristic, or an idea. • Ex. – beauty, strength, love, courage Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Concrete Noun • A concrete noun names an object that can be perceived by the senses. • Ex. – hat, desk, book, box Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Collective Noun • A collective noun names a group. • Ex. - crowd, team, class Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Possessive Case • The possessive case of a noun or a pronoun shows ownership or relationship. • Ownership Relationship Alice Walker’s poetry the student’s suggestions your opinion Crowfoot’s family five dollars’ worth my grandparents Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Possessive Case 1. To form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an –s. ex. The senator’s comments player’s turn 2. To form the possessive of a plural noun ending in –s, add only the apostrophe. ex. Girls’ team the winners’ trophy Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Possessive Case 3. Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns or with the possessive pronoun whose. INCORRECT We thought the top score was her’s. CORRECT We thought the top score was hers. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Possessive Case 4. To form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun, add an apostrophe and an –s. Ex. Everyone’s vote counts equally. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Possessive Case 5. Form the possessive of only the last word in a hyphenated word, in the name of an organization or a business firm, or in a word group showing joint possession. Ex. father-in-law’s hobby Lewis and Clark’s expedition Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Pronoun • A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. • Ex. – Angelo borrowed a hammer and some nails. He will return them tomorrow. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Antecedent • The word that a pronoun stands for is called the antecedent. • In the preceding example, Angelo is the antecedent of he, and hammer and nails are the antecedents of them. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Types of Pronouns • • Personal Reflexive Intensive Relative Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Personal Pronouns Singular Plural 1 st Person I, me, my, mine we, ours, us 2 nd Person you, your, yours 3 rd Person he, his, him she, hers it, its they, theirs, them Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns • A reflexive or intensive pronoun is created when the suffix –self or –selves is added to the appropriate personal pronouns. 1. Reflexive (The pronoun stands alone. ) Ex. Carmen hurt herself. 2. Intensive (The pronoun is next to another noun or pronoun. ) Ex. Carmen herself was not hurt. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Relative Pronoun • A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause. Whose Whom Which That Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Interrogative Pronouns • An interrogative pronoun introduces a question. Whom Whose Which What Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Demonstrative Pronouns • A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. • The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. • Ex. This is our favorite song by Ella Fitzgerald. • (Note: If one of these pronouns is before a noun, it is called a demonstrative adjective. ) Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Indefinite Pronouns all another anybody anyone anything both each either everybody everyone everything few many more most much neither nobody none nothing one Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 other several somebody someone something such

Indefinite Pronouns • An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically named. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Adjectives • An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun. • To modify means “to describe or make more definite”. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Articles • A, and the articles. • Identify articles by placing an orange box around each of them. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Adjectives • Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns by telling which one, what kind, how many. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Which one? • • This street Those cars First step Last one Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

What kind? • • Brown shoes Large animal Narrow road Nice person Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

How many? • • Ten boxes Several boxes Fewer mistakes Many students Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Adjectives • Adjectives usually precede the words they modify. • Ex. The wild and graceful deer ran through the forest. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Adjectives • For emphasis, however, adjectives are sometimes placed after the words they modify. • The deer, wild and graceful, ran through the forest. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Adjective Suffixes • Common adjective suffixes include: -able (tolerable) -ible (possible) -ate (desolate, separate) -esque (picturesque) -ous -en (wooden) -ful (thankful) -less (hopeless) -some (lonesome) Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Prepositions • A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. • Think about the squirrel and the tree!!!! Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Prepositions About Above Across After Against Along Amid Among Around at before behind below beneath besides between beyond Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 but (concerning) by concerning down during except for from in

More Prepositions into like of off on over past since throughout to toward underneath Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 until unto up upon within without

Conjunctions • A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. • There are three kinds of conjunctions: 1. coordinating conjunctions 2. correlative conjunctions 3. subordinating conjunctions Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Coordinating Conjunctions • A coordinating conjunction connects words or groups of words used in the same way. and but or nor for Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 yet so

Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that connect words or groups of words used in the same way. *Both. . . and *Either. . . or *Neither. . . nor *Not only. . . but *Whether. . . or Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Subordinating Conjunctions • A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinate (dependent) clause and connects it to an independent clause. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Subordinating Conjunctions after although as as if as much as as though as well as because before even though how if in order that provided Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 since so that than that though unless until

More Subordinating Conjunctions whenever wherever whether while why Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Verbs • A verb is a word used to express action or a state of being. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Forms of Be • There are eight forms of the verb –BE. am is are was were Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 be been being

Linking Verbs am appear is become are feel was were be been being grow seem look smell remain sound stay Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 taste turn

Verb Phrases • A verb phrase consists of a main verb and at least one helping verb. As many as three helping verbs may precede the main verb. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Helping Verbs am could is would are should was were be been being do did does have has had Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 can may might must will shall

Find the verbs in the following sentences: • 1. The modern shopping center is a response to the migration to the suburbs that began after World War II and is continuing. • 2. We have tens of thousands of shopping centers in this country, and many more are on the architects’ drawing boards. • 3. With art galleries, theaters, concerts, and festivals, the big shopping centers are also cultural centers. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Verbs – continuted • 4. A typical center contains acres of parking space and scores of stores where one can buy almost anything. • 5. A whole town may rapidly develop around a new shopping center, and the center then becomes the downtown area of the community. • 6. Because most shoppers are busy people, architects design the centers for efficiency. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Verbs – continued • 7. Parking spaces are ample, and people can move quickly from store to store. • 8. The variety of stores interest shoppers who enjoy bargain hunting, but because most stores in a shopping center cater to people of the same income level, prices actually do not vary greatly. • 9. Although the primary aim of shopping centers is convenience, they also provide recreation and entertainment. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Action Verbs • Action verbs fall into two categories: 1. Transitive 2. Intransitive Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Transitive Verbs • A transitive verb is an action verb that takes an object (a word that tells who or what receives the action. The object is either a noun or pronoun. ) Ex. Everyone (in the school) cheered the football team. **To find the object, ask who? or what? after the verb. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Intransitive Verbs • An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not take an object. • Ex. The gorilla smiled. Suddenly, the child next door screamed. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Adverbs • An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Adverbs • Most adverbs end in –ly. • Common adverbs include: no not never n’t very almost always Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994 still too well

Adverbs • An adverb may tell how, when, where, or to what extent (how often or how much). Ex. She drives carefully. (tells how she drives) She drives early and late. (tells when) She drives everywhere. (tells where) She can almost drive. (tells to what extent) She drives daily. (tells how often) Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Interjection • An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence. • Examples: Oh! My goodness! Hurry! • Interjections are sometimes followed by an exclamation point. (!) Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998. Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

Interjections 1. “Use an exclamation point after a command, an interjection, an exclamation, or some other expression of strong emotion” (Barron’s 91). • Use a comma to set off mild interjections such as the word well (Hacker 69). • Ex. Well, I guess I’ll go with you to the game.