The Cold War NOT an actual war fought

The Cold War …NOT an actual war fought between the US and USSR…

COLD WAR BEGINS! • Rivalry btwn USSR & US – Only powers not in ruins • Competition for int’l dominance Cold War • Political & econ fronts, but threat of war present • Origins in econ, pol, & philosophical differences

Differences US USSR Economy capitalist State run Gov’t Democracy / multiple pol parties One party rule / communism Individual freedom Suppression of religion, use of force to crush opposition Philosophy

Roots • USSR expansionism fueled mistrust – Baltic states - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania – parts of Romania & Poland – Manchuria • Stalin wanted buffer states • Countries under Soviet control = satellite nations

Roots • GB, FR, US strengthened control of western GER • Churchill declared that an “iron curtain has descended across the continent” • George Kennan (state dept official) policy of containment – Restricting expansion of communism

WMD • USSR began to develop atomic technology • Baruch Plan – Bernard Baruch – creation of special int’l agency w/ authority to inspect any country’s atomic energy plants – Penalties for breaking int’l rules • No sharing secrets/weapons until plan in place • USSR rejects, tests 1 st bomb in 1949

WMD • Response to nuclear fears • Atomic Energy Act – Created civilian controlled Atomic Energy Commission to oversee nuclear weapons research & to promote peacetime uses of atomic energy

Containment • Civil war in Greece (communists v. monarchy) – GB could no longer aid Greece • USSR wants Dardanelles from Turkey – Narrow strait (Black Sea to Mediterranean) • Truman Doctrine – US policy to support free ppl • Congress approves $400 mill to Greece & Turkey

EU • EU in shambles • Vulnerable to communism • Sec of State George Marshall – Major effort to promote EU recovery • Truman asked Congress for $17 bill • Sparked debate then USSR overthrew CZ’s gov’t • Marshall Plan or EU Recovery Prog 1948 – Nobel Peace Prize in 1953

Berlin Airlift • Non USSR zones in Berlin do well bc of Marshall Plan • United zones, formed W GER gov’t • USSR opposed • 06/24/1948 USSR blocked all roads, canals, & RR linking Berlin to W GER • Soviets wanted to drive Western powers out of Berlin

• http: //www. time. com/time/photogallery/0, 29307, 1631993, 00. html

Berlin Airlift • Western leaders responded with Berlin Airlift • Next 10 mo - US & GB planes carried more than 2 mill tons of food & supplies • Success an embarrassment to USSR • 05/1949 USSR lifted blockade • Fed Rep of GER (W GER) • GER Dem Rep (E GER) • Division lasted more than 40 yrs

Western Alliance • 9 Western EU nations, US, CA, & Iceland • Military alliance - North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Each member pledged to defend the others in the event of an outside attack • 1951 - D. Eisenhower supreme commander of NATO forces • USSR responds with Warsaw Pact

Revolution in China • 1911 - Overthrew Qing Dynasty – Est republic • Did not do so well • C. W. in 1920 s - Nationalists (Chiang) v. Communists (Mao) – Resumed after WWII • US didn’t want CN to be communists – During/after WWII - US sent aid to Nat’lists – G Marshall sent in • No compromise from Mao & Chiang • Chiang Taiwan; US rejects new gov’t • Mao est Ppl’s Rep of CN

Korean War • 1945 Allies divided Korea - zones – USSR north, US south (38 th parallel) • Supposed to be temp, but Cold War cemented division • 1948 different gov’ts – North - Kim Il Sung, Democratic Ppl’s Rep of Korea (DPRK) – South - Syngman Rhee, Rep of Korea

Korean War • US built up S Korean army • 1949 USSR & US left • Repeated clashes, North invaded South on June 25, 1950 • UN call for cease-fire • Truman pledged support • UN brands North as aggressor

Korean War • • • Gen Mac. Arthur Protect Taiwan too 15 UN members - $$ & military support By Sept the North overrun most of South Mac. Arth launches counterattack – Recaptures Seoul – W/ UN forces, North retreats • China enters on North’s side • UN forces fell back, Mac. Arth est defensive line near 38 th

Korean War • Mac. Arth wanted to expand war – Blockade CN, bomb mainland, and use Chiang • Victory in Korea & China? • War w/ USSR? • Truman opposes, Mac. Arth gives ultimatum to enemy, Truman upset and removes Mac. Arth

Korean War • • • Stalemate! Major issue in election of ‘ 52 Truman @ lowest popularity (R)Gen Eisenhower w/ Nixon (D)Gov Adlai Stevenson w/ John Sparkman Ike promises to end war – landslide win

War ends • • • More bombing raids Hinted about nuclear weapons July 27, 1953 armistice Korea - 2 nations at 38 th Was the outcome worth 54, 000 deaths, 103, 000 wounded (US)?

Brinkmanship • Sec of State John Foster Dulles –Confront w/o backing down; threat of massive retaliation • Instead Ike covert –CIA

The Stealthy CIA • Iran – Mosaddeq nationalized GB oil fields – CIA organized coup • Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (pro-US) • Anti-US feelings in Iran • Guatemala – Guzman redistributed plantations to poor – CIA bombed capital, installed pro-US gov’t – Anti-US in Lat Am

Suez • • • Diplomacy in Egypt US w/drew offer to finance dam Nasser nationalized canal Threat to Western oil trade No routes to Israel…. WHY? ! Israel attacks, GB & FR seize Mediterranean end days later

Suez • USSR threatens war if 3 nations did not w/draw • Ike supports UN - cea se fire; w/drawal • 3 w/draw and crisis eased • USSR & Arabs good terms • Eisenhower Doctrine - offered military aid to any Mid East nation resisting communism

Uprising in E. EU • Stalin dies in ‘ 53 • Nikita Khrushchev accused Stalin of ruthless crimes • Gave impression of reform • Hungary revolts - Western style democracy • USSR crushes revolt martial law • HU asks for help; Ike afraid of war • Ike eases immigration law

Time out • 1959 Nixon went to USSR – Khrushchev toured US • Khru & Ike agree to meet in Paris, 1960 – Arms reduction • 05/1960 Khru announced American U-2 (high altitude spy plane) was shot down over USSR – US officials claim it was a weather-research plane – Captured pilot Francis Gary Powers admitted - spy mission • USSR demands apology and halt on spying • Ike says yes to halt, no to sorry – Khru refused to meet w/ Ike again

Cold War Fears • Peacetime rearmament • 1947 - War Dept of Defense – Joints Chiefs of Staff • Nat’l Security Council – Advise pres on strategic matters • CIA

Red Scare 2. 0 • Republicans accuse Truman of allowing reds in gov’t – HT responds w/ Loyalty Review Bd (1947) • 20, 000 fed workers investigated • Congress cracked down on reds – House Un-American Activities Committee – HUAC investigated disloyalty/ties to reds – Held hearings • Hollywood 10 sent to jail for not answering HUAC’s questions blacklisted

Spies? ! • HUAC also investigated potential spies • Alger Hiss sentenced - 5 yrs • Julius & Ethel Rosenberg executed 1953 – Provided atomic energy secrets to USSR? • Internal Security Act – Reds must register with fed gov’t – Stricter immigration policy

Mc. Carthyism • Ams convinced spies & communist sympathizers everywhere! • Joseph Mc. Carthy - US senator (WI) • Claimed to have list of reds in State Dept never produced list • Used position as chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations to wage war against alleged red sympathizers in fed gov’t • Ruined 100 s of employees

• • Mc. Carthyism Lacked hard evidence Ams scared, supported Mc. Carthy Pres refused to criticize Mc. Carthy The Crucible, Arthur Miller paralleled this to Salem witch trials • 1954 took on US Army – Televised, 20 mill tuned in – Mc. Carthy looked like a bully especially compared to Joseph Welch, army’s chief counsel • Months later, vote 67 -22 Mc. Carthy condemned

Nuclear Anxiety • Arms race w/ USSR • Hydrogen bomb – 1, 000 x more powerful than A bomb – ‘ 52 US vaporizes a small island • Some turned to religion – Congress added phrases “One Nation Under God” & “In God We Trust”

Calming fears • US gov’t - campaign to calm fears • Issued pamphlets/booklets - how to survive a nuclear attack • Backyard bomb shelters • Students, air-raid drills • “Duck and Cover” for children • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=IKq. Xu 5 jw 60

Space Programs • USSR launches satellite Sputnik – 10/1957 • Falling behind USSR? • Ike urges Congress to est NASA – Nat’l Aeronautics & Space Admin – 1 st US satellite Explorer I • Nat’l Defense Edu Act – Millions to improve edu in sci, math, foreign languages

The Affluent Society • For many ‘ 50 s - prosperity • 60% mid class ($3, 000 - $10, 000/ yr) • Automation - machines replace ppl – Blue collar jobs decrease, white collar increased • Suburban migration (1/3 of pop) • Planned communities – Ex Levittowns (NY & PA) • Highway Act of 1956

The Affluent Society • Baby boom • Focus on child rearing (mother) – Ben Spock • Ads, mags, books depicted ideal wife & mom as full time homemaker • But # of working moms actually increased

50’s culture • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2_2 l. Gk. EU 4 Xs • Promoted conformity – Especially in suburbs • Bought same consumer items • Same social activities

TV! • End of 1950 s, 46 mill households owned at least 1 TV • Sports, sitcom, variety progs, quiz shows, dramas • Most popular prog of decade - I Love Lucy • http: //www. hulu. com/watch/438078 • Amos’n’Andy - NAACP protests

POP! culture • Teenagers - more free time & $ • New leisure time activities • Parents concerned about pop culture – Glamorized rebellion against conformity • Catcher in the Rye • MAD mag • Rebel w/o a Cause

Rock ‘n’ Roll • • Rhythm and blues remix Alan Freed coined term Elvis Presley Parents feared it promoted antisocial behavior in teens • Immoral? • Gibberish? • Challenged segregation

Music • Tequila • www. youtube. com/watch? v=Uyl 7 GP_VMJY • Hound Dog • www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 Zd. C 6 o. QKU-w • La Bamba • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Jp 6 j 5 HJ-Cok

JFK & Cold War • 27 th Amendment (2 pres. terms) – Ike can’t run for 3 • Nixon (R) (downplayed role in HUAC) – Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. • JFK (D) (MA senator, Catholic) – Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) • TV huge role in election – JFK wins

JFK’s foreign policy • Cont nuclear arms buildup • Wanted # of options just in case – – – Flexible response Strengthened conventional military Green Berets Non military options – Peace Corps (Africa) Alliance for Progress - $$ to Lat Am in exchange for democratic reforms & capitalism

Bay of Pigs • 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista • Castro est communist style dictatorship • CIA had plan to oust Castro – Trained & financed grp of anti-Castro refugees who were to invade Cuba – JFK gave approval

The Bay of Pigs • Invasion disaster! • Cuban forces took down 1, 500 rebels at Bay of Pigs 04/17/61 • US naval/air support never came • Failed to spark uprising • 1, 200 prisoners • Made US look like fools, rascals, incompetent • Made Cuba closer to USSR

Berlin Wall • JFK looked weak after Pigs fiasco • Khru issues ultimatum: recognize E GER & remove troops from W Berlin • JFK sent more troops to Berlin • Tensions eased when barbed wire prevented E GER from leaving – Concrete wall w/ watchtowers – Symbol of Cold War

Cuban Missile Crisis • Castro asked USSR for defensive weapons • USSR also gave offensive weapons – Nuclear • CIA monitored summer ’ 62 • U-2 2 ballistic missile launching pads/ missiles capable of hitting targets in mins

Cuban Missile Crisis • 10/22/62 JFK (TV) announced any armed ships to Cuba will be turned away • Demanded USSR remove missiles • Next 2 days… nuclear war? • US B-52 bombers w/ nuclear arms v. active missiles in Cuba / USSR ships

Cuban Missile Crisis • USSR ships turned back • USSR “blinked” • 10/28 Khru agreed to dismantle bases, JFK promises not to invade Cuba & removes missile from Turkey • JFK & Khru want to ease tensions • ’ 63 - Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – US, GB, USSR – no testing • Hot line – US & USSR leaders communicate directly

JFK assassinated • JFK in Dallas, TX to campaign • 11/22/63 – open car motorcade • 12: 30 pm shots rang out, JFK slumped over, fatally wounded • w/in hours LBJ sworn in • Millions watched funeral on TV • Lee Harvey Oswald … assassinated by Jack Ruby – Conspiracy? ?

JFK assassinated • LBJ – commission to end speculation • Warren Commission (Chief Justice Earl Warren) – 10 mo reviewing evidence – No conspiracy, Oswald and Ruby acted alone • JFK admin remembered as Camelot