
9da48c1f076a5a7a62a390a131913ad2.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 50
The Cold War Begins 1945 - 1952 “The United States Stand at the Summit of the World” Winston Churchill, 1945
Post-War Economy § After WWII, many Americans worried that we might sink into the Depression again… § 1946 -1947: GNP dropped, inflation (33%), epidemic strikes (4. 6 million workers) § 1947 - Republicans took control of Congress (1 st time in 14 years!!) **Taft-Hartley Act – (over Truman’s veto): § outlawed closed shops § unions liable for damages from jurisdictional disputes § required union leaders to take non-communist oath. * Union membership & organization would decline in years after WWII.
Union Membership Declines § Unions failed to unionize – South & West § 1948 - CIO’s “Operation Dixie” –failed to unionize southern textile workers & steel workers. § Service Sector grew = middle-aged women= hard to organize.
Government Actions to Prop up the Economy § Sold war factories to private businesses at low prices 1. 1946 - Employment Act- became government policy to promote maximum employment, production, & purchasing power. § Council of Economic Advisors- created to advise president on economic issues 2. ** Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)- “The GI Bill” - provided veterans with loans for college, homes, businesses (through the VA) § 8 million veterans received higher education § $14. 5 Billion- (paid by taxpayers) § Economic property 1950 -1970.
The Economic BOOM 1950 -1970 § National income doubled-1960’s ($1 trillion-1973) § Americans (6% world’s population) had (40% § § • • wealth) Paved the way for: social mobility, civil rights movement, new entitlements= Medicare, Medicaid, Cold War leadership. Size of the Middle-Class doubled 90% owned TV sets by end of the 1950’s 60% owned homes Women reaped greatest rewards of prosperity = offices & shops= more employment 1995 - women accounted for 50% workforce
Prosperity of the 1950’s & 1960’s a. Military Spending § 1950’s –economy fueled by Korean War § 1960’s Cold War spending= 10% of GNP defense spending § Defense Spending= money for aerospace, plastics, & electronics- research (Rand Corp) b. Cheap Energy- US & Britain controlled cheap oil from Middle East= US builds highways, electricity generation (1945 -1970) c. Worker Productivity Increased- due to better education (1950 -1960’s- standard of living doubled) d. Rise of large Agribusinesses- Americans left farming= farms consolidated (giant machinery, new fertilizers ) * 1990’s= 2% of US population farms= produces most of the world’s food.
Social Themes of the Post-war 1. Migrations- 1945 -1975 - 30 million people moved every three years. § Families affected- distance divided parents from children § Dr. Spock’s The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – gave child raising advice once given by parents & grandparents. § Friendships hard to sustain
Social Themes 2. Growth of the Sunbelt – 15 states from Virginia to Florida & California. § Better climate & lower taxes lured many § Jobs- California electronics; aerospace in Florida & Texas § Federal dollars- increased job growth ($125 billion more than northeast) § Northeast – “Rustbelt” § Every President since 1964= came from Sunbelt= South & West more political power
Social Themes 3. The Baby Boom- birth explosion for decade and half after 1945. § 50 million children § Crested in 1957 then birth rates dropped § 1970 - elementary school attendance= 34 million § Canned & baby food products
Social Themes 4. The Rush to the Suburbs- Whites left the cities and moved to the suburbs. Why? § Government Policies: government loans through FHA & VA (Veterans Authority), tax incentives, built highways. § By 1960, 1 in 4 Americans live in suburbs. Effects of Suburbanization § “White Flight” leaves cities “brown, black, and broke”. § Growth of the construction industry. § Revolutionized home building techniques.
“Levittown” § 1940’s-- the Levitt Brothers built homes on Long Island, NY using revolutionary new methods of efficient and fast building. § Critics—these “mass produced” homes were boring aesthetically
36. 2 (Page 862 -872) § § § Presidency of Harry Truman & the Cold War Assumes presidency (1945 -48) when FDR dies Serves a second term – 1948 -1952 former WWI officer– US Senator from Missouri Last President without a college degree Famous quotes: “The Buck Stops Here” & “If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”.
Europe after WWII
Origins of the Cold War A. Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)- major issues regarding post war Europe were discussed. 1. Poland- Churchill & FDR agreed to recognize Polish government set up by Soviets § Stalin agreed to include members of pre-war Polish government (non-communists) & allow free elections “as soon as possible”. 2. Declaration of Liberated Europe- the right to people to choose their own government – democratic governments! 3. Divide Germany into 4 zones (US, Britain, France, & USSR)- also divide Berlin into 4 zones. ** Stalin wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations to USSR & FDR urged him to accept equipment from US, French, British zones. *** Stalin’s goal- keep Germany weak economically & set up “friendly governments” as a buffer. A FEW WEEKS AFTER THE CONFERENCE- USSR DID NOT ALLOW FREE ELCETIONS IN POLAND.
Germany, 1947 - Allied Zones
Origins of the Cold War B. Mutual Suspicions (US terminated lend-lease aid 1945) & Differing Goals- over German recovery (US wants rapid recovery & Soviets want Germany weak). C. Communism vs. Capitalism- diametrically opposed ideas D. US did not include USSR in atomic bomb development **The Cold War- era of conflict between the US & USSR for domination of the world (lasted 45 years) ** Containment- (1947 -1989)US strategy during the Cold War. § Developed by *George Kennan (Russian expert) § Wrote the**“long telegram” (8, 000 plus words) that was the origin of “containment”
US Efforts to Rebuild the World & Keep it Safe 1. *The Breton Woods Conference (1944) New Hampshire; Allies create IMF & World Bank. § International Monetary Fund- encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange. § World Bank- to promote growth of underdeveloped countries (war ravaged) • USSR did not participate 2. **The United Nations (1945): 50 nations met in San Francisco; drew up UN Charter. • Security Council – dominated by the “Big Five”- US, Britain, USSR, France, China (all have veto power)- **diff. from League of Nations • General Assembly- all nations are members • Approved by US Senate (89 -2) • Permanent home = NYC
United Nations § Successes- preserve peace in Iran, Kashmir (Pakistan), Israel § **Greatest Achievements- WHO (Health), FAO (Hunger), UNESCO (Education) The UN & the Atomic Question § 1946 - US delegate to the UN (Bernard Baruch) wanted the UN free from great power veto with world wide authority over atomic energy weapons & research. § Soviets proposed atomic weapons by all nations be outlawed- Truman refused & the Soviets shot down Baruch’s proposal.
The “Iron Curtain” Descends § March 1946 - Winston Churchill gives a speech in § § the US – “… an iron curtain has descended across the continent. ” The Nuremburg Trials (1945 -1946) Allied trials of German war criminals (officers) Highest ranking officer on trial (Herman Goering) 12 Nazis hanged, 7 sentenced to prison
The Iran Crisis § At the end of WWII US & Soviet troops occupied § § § Iran. 1946 - Stalin refused to remove his troops from Iran= threatened oil supplies Truman sent the USS Missouri to eastern Mediterranean & sent a strong message. The Soviets withdrew
**The Truman Doctrine § 1947 - “Containment” developed as US policy Greece – 1947 § Britain can no longer afford to fight & support efforts against anti-Communist groups in Greece * If Greece fell- Turkey might fall to the Soviets § Truman asks Congress for money to support groups fighting against communists in Greece § $400 million sent to Greece & Turkey= Truman Doctrine * “it must be the policy of the US to support the free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation…”
** The Marshall Plan § 1947 - France, Italy, & Germany threatened with chaos & hunger due to the war= communist parties in these countries appealed to many. § June 1947 - Sec. of State George C. Marshall invited Europeans to work out a joint plan of economic recovery & the US would fund it. § Democratic nations developed a plan (Paris) § Marshall offered Soviets the same – Soviets refused § Plan provided aid mainly to Europe but also to Asia § Approximately $50 billion total Effects 1. Prevented Italy & France from turning Communist 2. Created a plan for European Union 3. Beginnings of “globalization”
Devastation of Europe American Aid –Marshall Plan Aid Logo
Recognition of Israel § After WWII- a state for Jewish people was carved from Palestine (Arab claimed land) with approval of the United Nations. § May 1946 - President Truman officially recognized Israel. § Effects: complicates US /Arab relations, US dependence on oil will be used against us
The US Military Industrial Complex Grows § 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ***1947 - National Security Act: Department of Defense & Sec. of Defense created (located in Pentagon- leads military) Joint Chiefs of Staff- top commanders of all service branches advise future presidents on military matters. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)- coordinates US government spy service & info gathering. National Security Council – advises the president on foreign issues 1948 -1971 - Conscription of 19 -25 year olds
The German Crisis § Germany had been divided into 4 zones (controlled § § § by the Big Five) Berlin (capital city) divided into 4 zones Western Allies (US, Britain, France) refused to allow USSR to have reparations from their zones (Stalin believed this was a promise made at Yalta) Western Allies advocated for the reunification of Germany- angered the Soviets. East Germany, Poland, Hungary= “satellite nations” bound to the USSR West Germany linked to the West (US)
**The Berlin Airlift-1948 § Berlin was located deep in the USSR zone- but § § divided into sectors occupied by allies. 1948 - USSR cut off all rail & road traffic to Berliners – not yet recovered from the war might starve President Truman- authorized US planes to airlift supplies into Berlin (1000’s of tons a day- for a year). May 1949 - USSR removed the blockade – two separate German governments resulted
**NATO v. the **Warsaw Pact § April 1949 - NATO est. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- Western European democracies & US form alliance. *** HUGE CHANGE IN US FOREIGN POLICY 1 ST Foreign treaty since Franco-American treaty 1788 that commits troops to battle overseas • “an attack on one is an attack on all…” • Senate approves -82 -13= Treaty • 15 countries participate The Warsaw Pact • Defensive alliance for Soviets & Eastern European allies= “iron curtain” commies
NATO Versus the Warsaw Pact
Reconstruction of Japan § Reconstruction in Japan commanded by Gen. Douglas Mac. Arthur= goal= Democratization § 1946 -1948 - War Crimes Trials of Japanese officials= 18 served prison terms; 7 hanged ** Japanese cooperation helped speed the process up § 1946 - Japan adopted a constitution (drawn up by Mac. Arthur) 1. Renounced militarism 2. Provided for female equality 3. Western style democracy ** Within 20 years= Japan became an industrial power
China Turns Red § A bloody civil war between Nationalists (Jiang Jieshi)) Communists led by Mao Zedong. § US supported the government led by Nationalist § 1949 - Jiang Jieshi fled to Formosa (Tiawan) & China fell to the communist (500 million people) ** US lost a major ally in Asia *** Republicans blamed President Truman for allowing China to fall to the Communists.
The Arms Race Begins § September 1949 - Soviet Union detonated their 1 st § • • atomic bomb Truman ordered the US to develop the H-Bomb (1000 times more powerful) than the atom bomb. Scientists like J. Robert Oppenheimer warned the president against development of this bomb (“genocide”) 1952 - US detonated the 1 st H-Bomb 1953 - Soviets detonated their 1 st H-Bomb “Mutual Assured Destruction”- peace through mutual terror= prevented a nuclear exchange.
The Red Scare at Home § 1947 - Igor Gouzenko (Soviet) in Canada defected to the US carrying papers that proved Soviets spies were trying to infiltrate US & Canadian governments. A. The Loyalty Review Program (1947) – US attorney general drew up a list of 90 “disloyal” organizations. 1. Investigated more than 3 million federal employees (3, 000 resigned or were fired). B. States: required “oaths of loyalty” from state workers. § “Could we retain our freedoms during the Cold War”?
HUAC & Alger Hiss § 1938 Congress created*House Un-American § § § Activities Committee (HUAC)- to investigate “subversion”. 1948 - HUAC member Congressman Richard Nixon led investigation of Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930’s (former New Dealer- work in FDR administration) Hiss denied everything under oath The Pumpkin Papers- a key witness against Hiss testified & produced evidence said to have been left for him by Hiss in a hollowed out pumpkin. 1950 - Hiss was convicted of perjury & 5 years in prison.
The 1948 Election § § § § § 1946 - Republicans had taken control of Congress Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey Democratic Party divided– not enthusiastic about Truman- wanted to nominate Dwight Eisenhower but he declined. Truman’s nomination opposed by Southern Democrats (13 STATES) because of Truman’s stance on civil rights (**he integrated the US Armed Forces 1948) Democrats nominated Truman Southern Democrats formed the “Dixiecrats” & nominated Strom Thurmond of SC= STATE’S RIGHTS PLATFORM Progressive Party- nominated former Dem. Henry Wallace (supported by New Dealers, pacifists, communists) Dewey seemed the front runner Election night- some Newspapers printed copies saying “Dewey Wins” Truman won with help of farmers, workers, blacks
DEWEY WINS? ? ?
Truman’s- Point Four & “Fair Deal” § Inaugural address outline “Point Four”- lend US money & technical support to undeveloped nations= prevent spread of communism (US helped in Latin America, Africa, Near East, Far East. § The ‘Fair Deal”- at home promised: 1. Improved housing 2. Full employment 3. New TVA’s 4. Extension of Social Security 5. New min. wage ** Southern Democrats & Republicans blocked most of the Fair Deal Passed– public housing (Housing Act), extended SS, raising min. wage
The Rosenberg's § Many experts believed that the Soviets had help § § § in attaining the atomic bomb 1950 - US investigated a British scientist who admitted giving secrets to the Soviets & implicated a couple from NY Julius & Ethel Rosenberg. The Rosenberg's were admittedly Communists but denied giving secrets to Soviets. Both were executed 1953 (left two orphaned children)
Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy § Feb. 1950 - Sen. Mc. Carthy announced that he had § § § evidence (list of 205 State Department workers) who were communists. 1946 Mc. Carthy defeated Robert La Follette by calling him a communist 1952 - Republicans took control of Congress= Mc. Carthy placed head of Senate Committee on Investigations= forced people to testify. Mc. Carthy used flimsy evidence to destroy lives & careers 1954 - Army-Mc. Carthy Hearings- Mc. Carthy accused members of the armed forces of being communists (including George Marshall). Mc. Carthy was formally censured by the Senate & died in 1957 ** Red Scare of the 1950’s = “Mc. Carthyism”
The Mc. Carran Act § President Truman & others felt the red scare § § § was turning into a “witch hunt” 1950 Mc. Carran Internal Security Actauthorized the president to arrest & detain suspicious people during an “internal security emergency” Truman vetoed the bill Congress passed it over his veto
The Korean Conflict § US & Soviet troops had occupied Korea during § § § WWII (A Japanese colony since 1910). Japanese troops surrendered there to Soviet & US forces after the war US forces est. a regime in South Korea Soviets est. a regime in North Korea 1949 - US & Soviet forces withdrew forces from Korea= two hostile armed regimes left behind. June 25, 1950 - North Korean troops crossed the 38 th parallel = pushed South Korean forces to Pusan perimeter.
North Korean Invasion June 1950
Truman’s Response § June 1950 - Truman obtained unanimous § § condemnation of invasion by UN (USSR WAS ABSENT) Truman orders US air & naval support for S. Korea (*WITHOUT APPROVAL OF Congress) UN Sec. Council called on all members to give assistance= multinational “police action” led by the US & directed by Gen. Mac. Arthur. Sept. 1950 - Mc. Arthur led invasion at Inchon – behind enemy lines & pushed the enemy all the way to the Yalu River (border with China). Nov. 1950 - 1000’s of Chinese soldiers crossed the border & pushed UN troops back to 38 th parallel.
INCHON INVASION Stalemate 1951 -1953
Limited War § Limited war- a war fought to achieve limited § § objectives. Mc. Arthur wanted to blockade China & even proposed to Truman that we drop the bomb on them. - “there is no substitute for victory” Truman resisted – Truman pushed for a “limited war” to contain communism April 11, 1951 Truman removes Mc. Arthur from command July 1951 - truce talks begin – goes on for nearly two years
National Security Council Memorandum #68 § North Korean invasion 1950 - provided for an excuse to expand militarily § NSC-68 1. US should quadruple its military spending 2. US spent $50 billion per year (13% GNP) & HAD 3. 5 million men in services * Significance- major increase in militarization of US foreign policy * Assumed US economy could absorb costs
9da48c1f076a5a7a62a390a131913ad2.ppt