The Cold War Begins 1945 -1952 Postwar

The Cold War Begins 1945 -1952

Postwar Partition of Germany

1946 to 1961: Four Main Themes üCOLD WAR üA CONFIDENT NATION üCONSUMERISM üCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Was it a time of “happy days or anxiety, alienation and social unrest”?

The Truman Presidency (1945 to 1953)

Post War America Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 Baby Boom Suburban Growth Rise of the Sunbelt

üOn June 22, 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the "Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944" ü“GI Bill of Rights” Rights

üFDR signing the GI Bill of Rights into law. üThis was a correction of our mistake after WWI. üHelp veterans adjust to civilian life after separation from service üGain higher education if you couldn’t afford one üRestore lost educational opportunities because of military service. üEnhance our nation through a more highly educated and productive work force

Total cost of the World War II education program was $14. 5 billion. GI Bill provided 6 benefits üeducation and training üLoans for a home, farm, or business üunemployment pay of $20 a week for 52 weeks üjob-finding assistance Eligible for GI Bill Benefits WWII veteran, served 90 days or more after September 16, 1940 and a honorable discharge. Program ended July 25, 1956 Of the 15, 440, 000 veterans, some 7. 8 million were trained. ü 2, 230, 000 in college ü 3, 480, 000 in other schools ü 1, 400, 000 in on-job training ü 690, 000 in farm training

Suburban Living Levittown, L. I. : “The American Dream” 1949 William Levitt produced 150 houses per week. $7, 990 or $60/month with no down payment.

Suburban Living: The New “American Dream” 1 story high 12’x 19’ living room 2 bedrooms tiled bathroom garage small backyard front lawn By 1960 1/3 of the U. S. population in the suburbs.

Suburban Living SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1940 -1970 Central Cities Suburbs Rural Areas/ Small Towns 1940 31. 6% 19. 5% 48. 9% 1950 32. 3% 23. 8% 43. 9% 1960 32. 6% 30. 7% 36. 7% 1970 32. 0% 41. 6% 26. 4% U. S. Bureau of the Census.

Suburban Living The Typical TV Suburban Families The Donna Reed Show 1958 -1966 Father Knows Best 1954 -1958 Leave It to Beaver 19571963 The Ozzie & Harriet Show 1952 -1966

Baby Boomers It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant. British visitor to America, 1958.

Baby Boomers üDuring Great Depression, birthrate and population decreased. üPost WII, both increase

Post War Politics Economic Program and Civil Rights Employment Act of 1946 Inflation and Strikes Civil Rights: Integrates the military Republican Control of the 80 th Congress 22 nd Amendment Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Election of 1948 The Fair Deal

Election of 1948 Republican Tom Dewey moderate Democrats Split HST Strom Thurmond Henry A. Wallace Republicans Control Congress

Truman’s “Fair Deal” program ücalled for improved housing üfull employment üa higher minimum wage übetter farm price supports üNew Tennessee Valley Administrations ü extension of Social Security. “Point Four Program” üfinancial support of poor, underdeveloped lands ükeep underprivileged peoples from becoming communists.

Origins of the Cold War U. S. -Soviet Relations to 1945 Allies in World War II Postwar Cooperation – the UN Satellite States in Eastern Europe Occupation Zones in Germany Iron Curtain

üThe world would now live with the threat of nuclear war. üArms race between Soviet Union and U. S. who could build the most nuclear weapons. üU. S. would use nuclear weapons as a “deterrent” üPeace through strength…… ü“nuclear diplomacy” atomic bomb

Yalta Conference shaped the post WWII world. The lasting effect was: “You cannot trust the words of a dictator”. KEY DECISIONS Yalta Created a United Nations Germany and Berlin divided into 4 zones controlled by the Allies Eastern European countries allowed free elections Stalin signed agreements but Eastern Europe would stay under Soviet control.

UN Soviet Union * ** U. S. A China *Great Britain **France • Founders of the United Nations in 1945 • Have permanent seats on the Security Council. Limited Democracy 1 Party Military Dictatorship State Dictatorship Communism No Self Government Monarchy No Government

Middle East The state of Israel, created by the United Nations as a homeland for the Diaspora Jews of the Holocaust on May 14, 1948 Unfortunately Israel's creation displaced thousands of Palestinian Arabs from their traditional lands along the Mediterranean This action solidified Arab hatred of the western sponsors of Israel and put in motion a series of war and death that survives to this day

On behalf of the US, POTUS HST recognized the State of Israel within its first hour of existence

Mac. Donald, Weizmann, and Ben-Gurion America's first ambassador to Israel, James G. Mac. Donald (1886 -1964) (left) meets in 1948 with Israel's President Chaim Weizmann (18741952) (right). The historian Michelle Mart has written that "Jews in the postwar world first symbolized a complete lack of masculinity for their role as victims and then masculine resurgence in their survival and construction of a new state"--a change in the image that conditioned American leaders to respect the new Israeli leaders. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

1960 1970 AL LS ’ 64 -’ 73 75 19 1954 US AID NF S LL FRENCH V VIET MINH IGO 1950 FA CU BA 9 KOREAN WAR 95 S 1 LL FA 1950– 1953 SA 1945 AM Vietnam TN WW II VIE C US HIN SR A F A- AL Bo LS m & b‘ 49 19 62 61 19 S IS I CR LL WA Ni w/ xon Ch R in eal a& P US olit SR ik US 19 SR 72 IN VA DE S AF Re GA ag N. an 19 an BE 79 d RL th e IN “E W vi AL l. E L m OP pi re EN ” S 19 89 SS ILE MI IN RL BE CU TR RT UM AI N AN ‘ 46 BE DO RL CT IN R AI RL INE IFT ‘ 4 NA TO ‘ 48 7 ‘ 49 N IR O COLD WAR 1945 - 1990 US vs. USSR US WAR 1980 1990

coldwar üUneasy peace between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. üCompetition for world dominance and global power. üFought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields-----Even though the threat of war was always present. üDefined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989. üIt affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves. üConstant state of military preparedness and arms race üPropaganda war----Democracy vs Communism üUS policy: Support nations threatened by Communism

coldwar Stalin argued that capitalism and communism could never coexist. Churchill responded that an “Iron Curtain had descended across the Continent. ” Communism Americans ¨ No freedom of religion ¨ State-run economy ¨ Socialism ¨ One-party system ¨ Collective good ¨ No private ownership ¨ Crush opposition ¨ Dictatorship ¨ Freedom of Religion ¨ Free enterprise ¨ Laissez faire economy ¨ Capitalism ¨ Two-party system ¨ Individual freedoms ¨ Freedom of Speech ¨ Democracy/Republic

map/cold war 1950’s Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies. Soviet Union/China and Allies……. .

map/cold war *China 1980’s Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism into Asia and Europe USA/Allies and French military US Military presence and assistance *China was a communistic nation Soviet Union military presence and Communistic countries

Containment in Europe The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan Effects The Berlin Airlift NATO and National Security Act (1947) Atomic Weapons Evaluating U. S. Policy

Containment Policy üDeveloped by State Department assistant, George Keenan, NSC-68 üArgued that the SU was trying to do two things: defeat capitalism, & expand the Soviet sphere of influence. üUS would stand firm, restrict and halt Soviet and Communist expansion. üHow? Help countries who were threatened by Communism with financial and economic assistance, propaganda, politically and militarily. üAdopted by President Truman in 1946. üOpposite of Appeasement…. . üConfront dictators

1947 National Security Act üDepartment of Defense üNational Security Council (NSC) to advice the president on security matters üCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government’s foreign factgathering (spying? ). ü“Voice of America” a radio broadcast, began beaming in 1948 to the world proclaiming democracy. üCongress resurrected the military draft (Selective Service System)

ü 1947, first use of “containment” ü$$$$$ to Greece and Turkey of $400 million to stop the spread of communism.

üPresident Truman’s plan (containment) to aid $$$ and rebuild a war torn Europe üMarshall Plan offered financial aid of $13 billion. üU. S. benefited by forming trade relationships with Europe. Secretary of State George C. Marshall üLeft a legacy of European friendship and trans Atlantic cooperation üHelped to limit communist appeals in Western Europe in the aftermath of WWII üCold War Propaganda Democracy/Capitalism vs. Communism marshall

ü 1948, $13 -16 billion to help rebuild Europe after WWII. üExample of “containment” üFood, animal feed, fertilizer, fuel, raw materials and production equipment were among some of the goods shared • Provided a 33. 5% increase in GNP in Western Europe between 1948 -52. • European economy had a steep increase in production. marshall

Stalin Counters the Marshall Plan üSoviet Union offered a similar plan----Molotov Plan üSimilar to the Marshall Plan and was offered to the all European countries… üNo countries of Western Europe took $$$. üMarshall Plan was considered a threat to Stalin because it was offered by the U. S. to war torn Europe as a way to promote democracy. marshall

Marshall Plan poster of ship • The goal of the Marshall Plan was to provide American economic support for the rebuilding of Europe's economy. • By the time the plan ended, the United States had provided over $12. 5 billion dollars to those European nations participating in the European Recovery Program. • This poster demonstrated that with cooperation, Europe would soon be moving forward again. (Courtesy of George C. Marshall Foundation) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Food for Hungry Europe Grateful English mothers line up for orange juice sent by the United States to assist Europeans devastated by the Second World War. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

In response to the Marshall Plan, Stalin cut off all transportation lines into West Berlin. Force the US, British and French out of Berlin was located in the Soviet sector after WWII… Stalin perceived the Allies a threat to Communism. US refused to back down and preceded to airlift supplies to the starving West Berliners. airlift

airlift U. S. flew supplies to feed the people of West Berlin for 11 months/24 -7 Stalin backed down & pulled troops Germany/Berlin remain divided until 1989.

airlift 2 üThe U. S. did not appease the Soviets, but outsmarted Stalin. üThe U. S. also won a propaganda war. üMade democracy and capitalism look better to the world than communism.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Collective Security for the Free World against the threat of the USSR ü United States ü Luxemburg ü Belgium ü Netherlands ü Britain ü Norway ü Canada ü Portugal ü Denmark ü 1952: Greece & ü France ü Iceland ü Italy Turkey ü 1955: West Germany ü 1983: Spain

N A T O Communistic Warsaw Pact

Warsaw Pact (1955) o U. S. S. R. o East Germany o Albania o Hungary o Bulgaria o Poland o Czechoslovakia o Rumania

Need Collective Security NATO

Cold War in Asia Japan U. S. -Japanese Security Treaty China U. S. Policy Two Chinas Korean War

Mao Tse Tung • Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…. . • China became a communistic country. • Chang Kai Shek is exiled to Taiwan. • Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China. • US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world NATO Chang Kai Shek

The Korean War Invasion Counter Attack Truman versus Mac. Arthur Armistice Political Consequences

ü 1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea. üNorth Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy. üFirst war of “containment” policy to stop communism ü“Police Action” not a declared war üPresident Truman leads United Nations. üGeneral Douglas Mac. Arthur commands US and UN troops. üCalled “forgotten war”.

The Shifting Front in Korea

Truman vs. Mac. Arthur üPOTUS HST fires General Mac. Arthur when he advises Truman he would use nuclear weapons against the Chinese. üUS Constitution issue: POTUS is Commander in Chief üHST sacrifices his popularity to maintain this USC principle

üSoviets detonate their first atomic bomb…. . üThe question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb? üEthel and Julius Rosenberg would be accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets. üCharged with espionage they would be found guilty and executed in 1953. NATO

The Second Red Scare Security and Civil Rights Prosecutions under the Smith Act Mc. Carran Internal Security Act (1950) Un-American Activities Espionage Cases Hiss Rosenbergs The Rise of Joseph Mc. Carthy’s Tactics Army-Mc. Carthy hearings

Communist hysteria in the media: Red Menace poster Although Hollywood generally avoided overtly political films, it released a few dozen explicitly anticommunist films in the postwar era. Depicting American communists as vicious hypocrites, if not hardened criminals, Hollywood's Cold War movies, like its blacklist, were an effort to protect its imperiled public image after HUAC's widely publicized investigation of the movie industry. (The Michael Barson Collection/Past Perfect) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

• Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism • Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. • Mc. Carthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans. Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States……. oath red scare

Mc. Carthyism, "I have here in my hand. . . " A term invented by cartoonist Herblock, Mc. Carthyism to most liberals and Democrats meant the use of lies, slander, and innuendo to attack and discredit the Democratic party for "twenty years of treason. " ("I have here in my hand…" from Herblock : A Cartoonist's Life (Macmillian Publishing Company , 1993)) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

red scare 3 • 1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten. • Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

red scare 3 Alger Hiss Whitaker Chambers Richard Nixon • In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of Soviet espionage against former State Dept. official Alger Hiss • Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison • Richard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of Nixon the HUAC that investigated Alger Hiss.

• House Committee for Un-American Activities red scare 3 Nixon • 1938– 75, Congress investigated Americans suspected as communists • HUAC committee warned of civil rights violations. • Witnesses who refused to answer were cited for contempt of Congress.

üAfrican American WWII veterans returned to Jim Crow and discrimination. üDuring WWI, Europeans treated Black soldiers as equals. ü 1948, President Truman signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1948 üIntegrated the military EO 9981 üIntegrated the federal government üJackie Robinson broke the “colored barrier” and played major league baseball with the Brooklyn Dodgers…… 1947 to 1956 ü 1950’s, begins the Civil Rights Movement for equality in society.

Jackie Robinson baseball promotional booklet Along with HST’s efforts marks the beginning of the end Jackie Robinson baseball promotional booklet Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball in 1947, when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. After serving as a lieutenant in the army during the war, Robinson, an All-American in football and baseball at UCLA, played with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American Baseball League until he was signed by the Dodgers in 1945. Moved from the minors to the majors in 1947, he earned "Rookie of the Year" honors and later was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. (Collection of Michael Barson/Past Perfect) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Summary of Changes

National Defense Budget 1940– 1999

Population Increase 1950– 2000

US Foreign Aid, Military and Economic, 1945– 1954

US commitments grow: