The Cold War and Postwar Hostility Tension Coach

The Cold War and Postwar Hostility &Tension Coach Ross American History

Satellite States • Satellite States: _______ which, _____ ___ __, were ___________ by the Soviet Union and adopted _____ governments. Most of _______ Europe, including ______, Czechoslovakia, ______, Romania, _______, and ____Germany, fell under Soviet control.

Iron Curtain • Term first used by _________ to describe Soviet _____ of Eastern ______. • The “Iron Curtain” ____ the entrance of Western _____ to the ____ & did not allow east _____ to _______ to the _____ during the ____ ___.

Truman Doctrine • U. S. _______ during the Cold War. • The United States gave ____ aid to nations _____ against _____ movements in an effort to keep _____ from _____.

George F. Kennan / Containment • George F. Kennan – American ____ and _______ authority on the ______; In 1947 Kennan’s article titled “The Sources of Soviet ______” presented a blueprint for the American ____ towards the _______known as _____. • Containment – The U. S. ____ to keep _________ within its _______.

Marshall Plan • (1948) Named for its creator, Secretary of State John C. ____. • Under the Plan the United States ______ about $__ _______ in ______ and ____to nations in ____ Europe to help them _______ following World War II & __________ governments.

Berlin Airlift • (June 1948 – May 1949) ____ and ______ planes ____ Democratic _____ with ____, _______, ______, and other necessities through ____ deliveries, _____ Stalin’s attempt to _______the city, which was located in the ______ of _____ East Germany.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) / Warsaw Pact • NATO – (1949) ___ alliance of 12 _______ European and North _____ nations which agreed to ______ Western Europe from Soviet _____. • Warsaw Pact – (1955) ____ alliance of the Soviet Union and its _______ which _______ to defend one another if ____.

Reflection #1 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Section 1: 1. How would having control over satellite states benefit the Soviet Union if it became involved in a European war? (At least 1 sentence) 2. How did U. S. foreign policy after World War II differ from U. S. foreign policy after World War I? (At least 2 sentences)

Jiang Jieshi / Mao Zedong • Jiang Jieshi – (AKA Chiang Kai-Shek) ______ leader of China who, though _____ by the U. S. , was _____ in the Chinese Civil War and forced to flee to Taiwan in 1949.

Mao Zedong • Mao Zedong – Chinese _____ who, after nearly 20 years of war, _______ in _______ the People’s _______ of China in 1949, a communist ______ allied with the ______.

Reflection #2 Why did American aid to Jiang’s Nationalists fail to prevent Mao’s communists from taking control of China? (At least 1 sentence) • Before ______ invaded _____ in 1937, Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, known in the United States as Chiang Kai-Shek, had been fighting a _____ against _____ led by Mao Zedong. • Although Jiang and Mao ____ joined forces in an ______ alliance to ____ Japan, the _____ resumed with a new ____ after the war ended.

• The Soviet Union ____ Mao, while the United States sent several Billion _______ in ___ to Jiang. • American leaders feared that Jiang’s ______ would ______ a _____ superpower _____ most of _____.

Jiang’s regime proved _______ to the task. Nationalist generals were ____ to fight. And, while masses of Chinese people faced _____, corrupt officials ____ U. S. aid _______ into their own ____. By ____ to _____ the people, ___ won _____ support.

• In 1948, Mao’s forces _______ the war. Jiang ____ for American military ______. However, the U. S. government had __ intention of _______ American ______ to support the _______ Jiang. In 1949, _____ fled the ________, taking control of the large _______ island of _______. • Mao’s _______ then took _____ of the world’s most ____ country, _____.

38 th Parallel • _______ at which was ___ the ____ line _______ and _____ Korea _____ World War II by the U. S. A. and U. S. S. R. The ____ still _____ the _____ between the two _____ nations today.

th 38 Parallel……

Douglas Mac. Arthur • General who led ____ troops in the ______ War. From September to November 1950 Mac. Arthur’s _______ succeeded in _______ Korean troops to the Yalu River, its border with China, but then were _______ back to the 38 th parallel by the _____ army in January 1951.

Limited War • Limited War – Military _____ fought to achieve only _______ goals; President Truman, who _____ a _______ war in ______, ______ with General _____, who argued for _____ war against _____ in Asia. • Mac. Arthur’s ______ criticism of Truman and calls for the ___ of _______ weapons against _____ led Truman to __ him for _____ in 1951.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) n. Military _______ sponsored by the ______ in ____ during the ____ to ____ the ______ of ____ in ____; Similar to _____, member _______ agreed that if ___ individual _____ were attacked then ___ would respond with ____ force.

Reflection #3: How did the way in which Truman handled the Korean crisis affect the powers of the presidency? (At least 1 sentence) • Truman did not ___ Congress for a _______ declaration of ___, as ____ by the _____. However, supported by the UN ______, Truman _______ American troops who were _____ in _____ to South Korea. The soldiers were mainly _______ troops who had not been _______ forced marches in ____ rains or heavy ______in rice paddies, nor did they have the military ____needed to stop the ____.

Truman and Korea…. • Soon, they _______ their South Korean ______ in retreating to the ____ corner of the peninsula near the city of Pusan. There, the _____ held fast. As fresh _______ and _____ arrived from _____, (Why Japan? At least 1 sentence) solders from other UN ______ joined the American and South Korean forces.

Truman And Korea • The war had an ______ long-term _____. • Truman had _____ U. S. troops to _______ without a ____ declaration of ___. • This set a _______ that future Presidents would ______.

Assignment • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Section 2: 1. Why did American aid to Jiang’s Nationalists fail to prevent Mao’s communists from taking control of China? (At least 1 sentence) 2. How did General Mac. Arthur’s decision to advance toward the Yalu River change the course of the Korean War? (At least 1 sentence) 3. How did the way in which Truman handled the Korean crisis affect the powers of the presidency? (At least 1 sentence)

Arms Race / Mutually Assured Destruction • Arms Race – Competition between _______ to achieve _____ in number and quality of _______. During the Cold War the _______ and the ______ engaged in the ______ arms ___ in human _____, stockpiling ______ weapons and other ______ technology. • Mutually Assured Destruction – Understanding between the ______ and the ______ that the full-scale use of nuclear weapons ____ result in the _____ of both the _______ and the _____.

John Foster Dulles / Massive Retaliation / Brinkmanship • John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State under President Eisenhower; Dulles _______ the _______ after WWII and, as the nation’s _____ diplomat, supported ____ nuclear _______ to prevent _______ U. S. involvement in minor _____, such as the Korean War. • Massive Retaliation – U. S. _______during the Cold War; The U. S. would _______ to communist _______ to its allies by threatening to use ______ force, including _______ weapons, _______the Soviets.

continued……. . • Brinkmanship – Dulles’ approach to _______ with the ____. ; Going to the ______ of ____ in order to protect _______, discourage communist _______, and prevent war.

Nikita Khrushchev • New leader of the _____ following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953; Khrushchev was a ____ and a determined opponent of the ____, but he was not as ____ or ____ as Stalin. • In 1955 Khrushchev met with President Eisenhower in Geneva, ______both the Soviet Union and the United States ___ that the two powers could _____ co-exist.

Nationalized / Suez Crisis • Nationalized – Placing a private _______ under government ______; In 1956 the Egyptian government, led by president Gamal Nasser, ____ the Suez Canal, threatening the __of oil ___ the ______ to Europe. • Suez Crisis (1956) – In response to Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal, a _______ of ______, _______, and Israeli troops _____ the _____ from Egypt. U. S. President Eisenhower’s ______ to support the coalition’s _____ forced them to withdraw their _____, diffusing the crisis.

Eisenhower Doctrine • Eisenhower Doctrine – American ____ policy that the United States would use _____ to help any Middle Eastern nation _______ by ______. This _____ would be used to _______ deploying American ______ to Middle Eastern nations _____the Cold War.

CIA • Central Intelligence Agency – Established by _______ in 1947 as an intelligence ____organization; Eisenhower approved _____ CIA operations to _____ American interests _____. In 1953 and 1954 the CIA provided ___ to rebels in _____ and Guatemala, ______ anti-______ leaders in power, but _____ longerterm ______ against the USA.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • Created by ____ in 1958 to coordinate the ______ efforts of American ____ and the ______; • The Soviet ______ of the first ______ (Sputnik) in 1957 _______ American interest in ______-_____, leading to a “space race” ______ the two world _____.

Assignment • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 25, Section 3: 1. Do you think that the massive retaliation policy favored by John Foster Dulles successfully deterred the Soviet Union? Explain your answer in at least 1 sentence. 2. How were the covert operations of the CIA in Guatemala and Iran different from the military operations of the United States Army in Korea? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Were American justified in being alarmed when the Soviets launched Sputnik I ? Explain your answer in at least 1 sentence.

Red Scare / Smith Act • Red Scare – Widespread ____ of _____; During the 1940 s and 1950 s ______ experienced its _______ Red Scare. • Smith Act (1940) – Law which _____ teaching or _______ for the violent _____ of the US government. During the Red Scare of the 40 s and 50 s American ______ used the Smith Act to _______ the American _____ Party.

House Un-American Activities Committee / Hollywood Ten • House Un-American Activities Committee Established by the House of Representatives in 1938; the HUAC ____ possible _______ by fascists, Nazis, or _____ in the United States, ____ into all ______ of American ______, including the _____, armed forces, ______, education, science, and newspapers.

Hollywood ten • Hollywood Ten Group of ______ writers, directors and producers who _____ to answer _______ regarding their political _______ in front of the ____ in 1947. The ten were _____, ____ and _____ for contempt of Congress.

Alger Hiss • Alger Hiss – High-ranking _______ government official who, in 1948, was ____ of being a ______ spy. Hiss initially _____ the charges but the _____, led by California ______ Richard Nixon, _______ evidence leading to Hiss’ conviction for _______ and arrest. .

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Jewish-Americans who were ____and convicted of sending _____ of the ______ to the Soviet Union; The Rosenberg's were the _____ and only _______ executed for _____ during the _____of the 1950 s. •

Joseph R. Mc. Carthy / Mc. Carthyism • Joseph R. Mc. Carthy – Wisconsin Senator who, beginning in 1950, made a series of shocking accusations that communists had infested various parts of the United States government and military. • Mc. Carthyism – Extreme anticommunism; From 1950 to 1954 Senator Mc. Carthy bullied and badgered witnesses, twisted testimony, and accused any who opposed him of being communists in Senate hearings. When these hearings were televised in 1954 the American people turned against Mc. Carthy, leading to the end of the Red Scare.

Mc. Carthyism • Mc. Carthyism – ____ anti-____; From ____ to ____ Senator Mc. Carthy ______ and _____ witnesses, ______ testimony, and ______ any who ______ him of being ____ in Senate hearings. When these hearings were _______ in 1954 the American people turned _____ Mc. Carthy, leading to the ___ of the Red ______.

Assignment #4 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 25, Section 4: 1. Were Americans correct in worrying that domestic communists endangered their security? Why? (At least 1 sentence) 2. How do movies reflect the values of a society? (At least 1 sentence) 3. How effective was Mc. Carthy’s campaign against communists in government? (At least 1 sentence)

Demobilization / GI Bill of Rights • Demobilization – Decreasing the ____ and ______ of the ______; Following the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 President Truman began ____, decreasing the ____ of the military by July 1946 to only 3 million troops. • GI Bill of Rights – Law enacted ____ WWII which _______ returning ____ with a year of _____payments, financial ____ to attend ______, and government _____ to buy _______ and start _____.

Baby Boom n. The greatest population increase in American history; Between 1940 and 1955, the U. S. population grew 27%, from 130 to about 165 million.

How did the baby boom impact the postwar economy? (At least 1 sentence)

Baby boom cont…. • Upon their return, soldiers quickly made up for lost time by marrying and having children. Americans had put off having children because of the depression and war. Now, confident that the bad times were behind them, many married couples started families. • This led to what population experts termed a baby boom. In 1957, at the peak of the baby boom, one American baby was born every 7 seconds, a grand total of 4. 3 million for the year. One newspaper columnist commented, “Just imagine how much these extra people… will absorb – in food, in clothing, in gadgets, in housing, in services…”

Taft-Hartley Act • Law which _____ workplaces in which only ______ can be _____; • Congress _____ the law in ______ to an increase in _____ nationwide in order to _____ a drop in ____ following WWII.

Fair Deal • Legislative ____ announced by President Truman ______ his upset victory in the 1948 presidential election. Its ______ was to strengthen ___New Deal _______ and establish ____ programs, such as national _________; however, the Republican____ Congress ______ to support Truman’s ______, leading to a ____ in Truman’s ____.

Fair Deal

Assignment #5 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned: 1. Why was the government willing to give billions of dollars in assistance to returning World War II veterans? (At least 1 sentence) 2. How did the baby boom impact the postwar economy? (At least 1 sentence) 3. After the war, Truman faced challenges with labor unions. Would you consider Truman as working for or against organized labor? Explain. (At least 1 sentence)

Levittown / Suburb • Levittown – America’s first ____-produced _____ home community, built in _____ on Long _____, New York by developer William Levitt. The _____ family _____ sold for $8, 000 and ______ thousands of ____ veterans and their _____ families. Levitt’s _______ led to the ____ of hundreds of similar _______in American _______ nationwide, with 40 million ______moving to the ______ between 1940 and 1960.

Interstate Highway Act • (1956) Authorized _____ to build 41, 000 _____ of highway consisting of _______ expressways that would _______ the nation’s ______ cities. • This ___ provided _____, eased ____ from suburbs to ______, and boosted travel and _______ industries in the United States.

What were the benefits of the Interstate Highway Act? What were the disadvantages? (At least 2 sentences) • The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This represented the biggest expenditure on public works in history, bigger by far than any project undertaken during the New Deal. Besides easing commutes from suburbs to cities, the new highways boosted the travel and vacation industries. Families traveled to national and state parks, to the beach, and to new destinations, such as Las Vegas. Urban and suburban growth created environmental concerns, ranging from traffic jams and smog to water shortages. In the 1960 s and 1970 s, environmental groups would begin to grapple with some of the byproducts of this growth.

Sunbelt n. Name given to the _______ and ______ states; After World War II millions of Americans, seeking a ______ climate and job ______, moved to the _______ states of _____, and _____.

Service Sector / Information Industries • Service Sector – _______ that provide _______, such as _____, ______, _______, or _____. In the post-WWII era Americans ______ founds jobs in this sector of the ______, moving away from _________ jobs. • Information Industries – _____-_____, office jobs _______ on calculating, _______, and storing _____, including the ____ and _______of the first computers.

Franchise Business / Multinational Corporations • Franchise Business – Corporation which allows a company to distribute its products or services through retail outlets owned by independent operators. Examples include fast food chains, such as Mc. Donald’s, and hotels, such as Holiday Inn. • Multinational Corporations – Companies that produce and sell their goods and services all over the world and establish branches abroad. Examples include Coca-Cola, Kraft, and Wal-Mart.

AFL-CIO • National workers union formed in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations; • The AFL-CIO became a major force in the Democratic Party, but the rise in whitecollar, non-union jobs weakened the union movement overall.

California Master Plan • Educational ____ which _____ for three tiers of higher _______ in the state of _____ during the 1950 s: • 1. Research Universities, 2. State Colleges, and 3. Community Colleges. • The ______ was _______ to make higher ______ more _______ and ____to average citizens.

Assignment #6 n Answer the following questions based on what you have learned: 1. What were the benefits of the Interstate Highway Act? What were the disadvantages? (At least 2 sentences) 2. How did the Sunbelt states benefit from the growth of the automobile and air conditioning industries? 3. Do you think it was easy for people in declining manufacturing industries to switch into the service sector? Explain your answer. (At least 1 sentence)

Consumerism / Median Family Income • Consumerism – Buying as much as ____; In the _______ era American ______ skyrocketed, often with ______ made on ______. • Median Family Income – ______ Family Income; During the 1950 s the _____ family _______nearly _______, contributing to the ______ of consumerism among American ____.

Consumerism

Nuclear Family / Dr. Benjamin Spock • Nuclear Family – A household _____ of a ______ and their ____; During the 1950 s _____ in the United States ______ that the nuclear ______ was the ____ of American _______, and if it began to fall ______ so would the _____. • Dr. Benjamin Spock – ______ of the best selling book on _______ in the 1950 s, Common _____ Book of ____ and Child Care. The book emphasized the _______ of nurturing ______from _____ to the ____ years, suggesting that parents _____ not _____ about ______ their children because ______ could not get too ____ comfort and _____.

Jonas Salk / Lucille Ball • Jonas Salk – Doctor and ______ of the _______ in 1954; Salk’s vaccine virtually ____ the disease worldwide by 1960. • Lucille Ball – ______ and ____ of the most ______ TV show of the _____ and early _____, I Love Lucy; 50 ______ Americans watched the show each _____ and its ______ of ____ American life in which ______ and major _____ problems did not ______.

Question #3: Why was television a better medium than radio for consumerism? (At least 1 sentence) • In 1938, when television was still just a curiosity, E. B. White, author of Charlotte’s Web, wrote that it “is going to be the test of the modern world… We shall stand or fall by the television. ” While White’s view may have been exaggerated, clearly television has had an enormous impact on American society. Between 1945 and 1960, Americans purchased television sets at a faster pace than they had bought either radios or cars during the 1920 s. The popularity of this new technology threatened the movie industry because families stayed home to watch TV rather than go out to watch movies at theater. • Although television attracted viewers of all ages, it had a special influence on children. Baby boom children rushed home from school to watch the Howdy Doody Show or the Mickey Mouse Club. Children also watched hours of cartoons and shows featuring their favorite superheroes, such as the Lone Ranger. Westerns were especially popular during the 1950 s and early 1960 s. Among the most memorable shows were sitcoms about families. Fifty million Americans tuned in each week to watch the I Love Lucy show. Other popular family sitcoms included Leave it to beaver, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet and Father Knows Best. • Even before television emerged in the 1950 s, a mass national culture had begun to develop in the United States. National broadcast radio programs, Hollywood films, and other forms of popular culture had helped erode distinct regional and ethnic cultures. Television sped up and reinforced this process. Americans in every region of the country watched the same shows and bought the same goods they saw advertised.

Rock-and-Roll / Elvis Presley • Rock-and-Roll – Popular music _____ of the 1950 s and 1960 s; ____ music _______ in the ______and _____ (R&B) traditions of ____Americans, becoming ______ in the _______ and then spreading _______ thanks to ____ such as Chuck Berry, B. B. King, and ________. • Elvis Presley – The ____ of Rock and Roll; Elvis _____ from being a shy, lower-_____ southern boy to becoming the _____popular Rock ______ of all time. His first hit, “______”, sold in the ____ in 1956.

Reflection #7 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned: 1. In what ways was the mood of the 1950 s different from the mood of the 1930 s? (At least 2 sentences) 2. Why do you think the nuclear family became more important during the 1950 s? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Why was television a better medium that radio for consumerism? (At least 1 sentence)

Beatniks • Small _______ of American _______ and _______ who, during the 1950 s, _____the _____ and _____ of American _______.

Inner City / Urban Renewal • Inner City – The _____, central ____of a ____ with ______ neighborhoods in which low______, usually _______, groups ____. Since WWII these areas have been _____for ____ living ____, inadequate _______and housing, and _____ crime rates. • Urban Renewal – Projects created by _____, state, and local ______ designed to ____ older ______, build ______ and encourage _______ in order to “____” downtown _____.

Reflection #8 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned: 1. Summarize the arguments made by critics who rejected the culture of the fifties. (At least 1 sentence) 2. During the 1950 s, many middle-class Americans were unaware of poverty. Are poor people invisible today? Explain. (At least 1 sentence)