The Challenges of Nationalism Hapsburgs Hanging On

The Challenges of Nationalism

Hapsburgs Hanging On l dynastic, absolutist, & agrarian in the age of liberal industrial republics l Military & Bureaucracy run by German Austrians l Held together by a “standing army of soldiers, a kneeling army of priests, and a crawling army of informers. ” l No support from Russkies l Need for new gov’t

Dual Monarchy l l l 1861 - Feb. Patent produces Reichsrat A-P war forces F-J to deal with Magyars 1867 - Dual Monarchy of Austria Hungary(Ausgleich) F-J king of both, some common ministers, everything else separate Freedom for the Magyars

Impact of Dual Monarchy l l l Other nationalities want same deal German speaking Austrians & Magyars dominate Czechs placated with patronage until 1900=14 Czechs make life in Reichsrat miserable - want trialism - a no go Language & Race increasingly become divisive

It’s All About Unrest l Eastern territories look to Russia l Austro-Germans hate non- Germans (anti-semites) l A-H & Russia get even more competitive in the Balkans (former Ottoman) l A multinational empire in trouble

FRANCE ❂The Second Republic of France emerged from the bitter political turmoil of the revolution of 1848 ❂The new government placed legislative authority in a National Assembly. ❂Executive authority was in a President, to be elected to a 4 -year term by universal manhood suffrage. ❂A presidential election gave Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, an overwhelming victory.

He blamed the National Assembly for the misdeeds of the government and convinced the people that the republic was a failure. On Dec 2, 1851, the anniversary of the coronation of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon directed a COUP D’ETAT -- later became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French.

The Second Empire ☹Napoleon III’s first years were authoritarian since his rule rested on the illegal seizure of power. ☹His insecurity led to the strict control of the press and the limiting of other civil liberties. However, after a number of economic and foreign successes, he became more liberal. ☹Then he involved France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Napoleon III was taken prisoner and France fell into turmoil again.

The Third Republic France declares the Third Republic – workers revolt against the army in Paris Commune The Paris Commune – – – Radicals and socialists opposed to the monarchist National Assembly helped form a new governing body for Paris Crushed by Assembly forces Marxists regarded it as a genuine proletarian government suppressed by the bourgeoisie

The Paris Commune March-May 1871 17 February – National Assembly elected Thiers ‘chef du pouvoir exécutif de la République française’ 10 March - Bordeaux Pact 18 March – stand-off between government and Paris national guard: government leave Paris for Versailles, later joined by the National Assembly 26 March – municipal election in Paris – creation of the Commune 2 April – second siege of Paris 10 May – Treaty of Frankfurt – secession of Alsace-Moselle and establishment of reparations 21 -28 May – suppression of the Commune in the semaine sanglante

The Republicans Léon Gambetta – Extrême Gauche 1838 -1882 Jules Grévy – Gauche Républicaine – 18071891 Adolphe Thiers – Centre Gauche – 1797 -1877 Jules Ferry – Gauche Républicaine – 1832 -1893 Georges Clemenceau – Radical – 1841 -1929

The National Assembly of 1871 – a divided right wing majority l An Orleanist right called the Centre Droit l A Legitimist right - supporting the Bourbon pretender but for a parliamentary, constitutional monarchy – known as the Droite modérée l An anti-contitutional, anti-parliamentary and intransigent right, known as the extrême droite or the Chevau-Légers

Two views of the Treaty of Frankfurt: Left, Anon, La France signant le Traité de Francfort and right, Daumier, La France. Prométhée et l’aigle-vautour, 1871.

Pichio, La veuve du fusillé, (1877)

Anonyme, La Commune, (1871)

Maximilien Luce, Une rue à la fin de la Commune (1903)

Meissonier, Les ruines du Palais des Tuileries (1871)

Clairin, L’incendie des Tuileries (1871)

Numa fils, Paris incendié (1871)

Meissonier, Allégorie de la siège de Paris (1870 -1884)

Paris Commune

Commemorative wall in Pere Lachaise Cemetery

The Right overthrows Thiers The leaders of the Moral Order (1873 -1877): Left, Duc Albert de Broglie, president of the council of ministers (prime minister) May 1873 to May 1874 and May to November 1877 Right, Maréchal Mac. Mahon, Duc de Magenta, President of the Republic, 1873 -1879.

Thiers ensures the succession of the Republic through the success of the public loan of 1872 to repay France’s war indemnity

Adolphe Thiers (here in a portrait painted by Bonnat in 1876) President of the Republic and President of the Council of Ministers, February 1871 to May 1873 Former minister under Louis. Philippe, in 1850 had declared that the Republic «est le régime qui nous divise le moins» In November 1872 he declared: «la République sera conservatrice ou elle n’existera pas»

The Third Republic l The republican government slowly rebuilt national unity and regained its place in Europe. The Third Republic would become the longest-lasting republic in the history of France (1870 -1940) l It had a powerful bicameral legislature – a senate and a chamber of deputies, which resembled the House of Commons—and a prime minister, who had to have its support. – A president was appointed merely as a figurehead.

Another Crisis: The Dreyfus Affair & Anti-Semitism l l In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer, was wrongly accused of selling military secrets to the Germans (scapegoat for defeat). He was condemned to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island. Anti-Semitic forces, the army, the Catholic church, and monarchists tried to block the republican government’s attempt to clear Dreyfus was finally cleared in 1906 and complete separation of state was ordered, making France a secular state. The Dreyfus case had exposed and exacerbated the divisions in French society.

BRITAIN The British government generally moved toward greater democracy through a process of evolution rather than revolution. It contained elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.

BRITAIN l Britain becomes a parliamentary democracy in the 19 th century – Second Reform Bill (1867) l Working class men receive the vote l increased the electorate from roughly million l Gladstone’s Great Ministry (1868 -74) – Culmination of classical British liberalism l l – l one million to two All positions open to all classes and religions Ballot Act of 1872 introduced the secret ballot Education Act of 1870 – government assumed direct responsibility for establishing and running elementary schools Disraeli introduces paternalistic state

BRITAIN l Symbolized the confident liberal state l Monarchs were under a constitution and no longer governed. They were ceremonial heads of state. l Executive power belonged to a cabinet led by the Prime Minister. l Legislative authority was held by Parliament, consisting of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

The Irish Question Treated as a colony, the Irish were forced to observe English laws. • Irish Catholics contributed to the Church of England. The Irish objected to the control of Irish land by British landowners. When the British government failed to aid Ireland after the disastrous famine of the 1840 s, Irish hatred of British rule intensified. Many Irish immigrated to the United States. Irish nationalists demanded “home rule”.

TSARIST RUSSIA l Russia covered one-sixth of the world’s land surface, was unprotected by natural boundaries, had a poor climate, poor communications, as well as extensive ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity held together by force. The great movements in Europe – the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution—had barely touched Russia. – All of these things made Russia a backwards country; however, the fact that their rulers intermarried with those of Europe gave them some claim to being part of Europe. –

TSARIST RUSSIA l Crimean War exposes Russia’s weakness Economically backward – Technologically behind – l Tsar Alexander II decides to abolish serfdom in 1861 "better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it begins to abolish itself from below" – – But freed serfs had to pay back the landlords and fell into debt Some reforms made in the government but no fundamental changes in limiting Tsar’s power Tsar Alexander made some reforms in 1864, but he was unable to control the forces unleashed by his reform program. Reformers want more and rapid change. Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries in 1881

ALEXANDER II The newly found freedoms and spirit provided the right environment for a number of revolutionary groups to grow, including the nihilists and the populists. l The most dangerous revolutionaries proved to be a group called the "Will of the People" which believed that terrorist acts and assassinations of top government officials was the swiftest way for them to change society and overthrow the government. l

Tsarist Russia: Alexander III (1881 -94) l l In reaction, Alexander III sought to roll back his father’s reform He and Nicholas I perfected the police state. He forced industrialization on Russia, including the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad in 1891. Forced industrialization, however, created a discontented working class.

New Nations and Democracy in Europe in 1800 s The people of Belgium gained their independence from the Dutch in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy under Leopold I. Norway and Sweden were united under one monarchy for most of the 1800 s until Norway broke the union in 1905. In 1907 it became the first sovereign state to give the vote to women. Sweden followed their example in 1909.

The Netherlands progressed toward democracy with their first constitution in 1849. Switzerland used the principle of direct democracy in their 1874 constitution. Denmark gained significant democratic reforms in the early 1900 s. Spain and Portugal, unlike the rest of the nations of western Europe, made little progress toward democracy.

CONCLUSION l Nationalism explodes throughout Europe in the mid 19 th century l Italy and Germany unified not democratically but through diplomacy, warfare, and conservative politics l Older European states forced to adapt to changes