The Cavendish Laboratory Current Research and Future Development

The Cavendish Laboratory Current Research and Future Development The Department of Physics 2008

The Cavendish Laboratory • The policy of the Department is to maintain a very powerful core of fundamental physics in all its diversity supported by theory. • The Department encourages applied and collaborative research in response to the evolution of the basic disciplines and the interests of the staff. • Physics is what Physicists do. • Physics is extensive. • Among the new developments are initiatives in the Physics of Biology, Medicine and the Life Sciences.

Physics is Extensive In the 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson completed their studies of the double helix structure of DNA. These discoveries led to the foundation of the Laboratory for Molecular Biology, a separate organisation funded by the Medical Research Council.

Physics of Medicine • Physics of Medicine is a new initiative led by the Cavendish. • It will create an environment where researchers can freely mix, discuss and share ideas at the interface of the physical sciences, technology, life sciences and clinical research. • A new building is being constructed. • Phase One will officially open in Dec 2008. • Priority project is the construction of Phase Two.

The Role of Physics • Practical Application of Physics Research for the Benefit of Society • The Intellectual Underpinning of Physics and all Cognate Sciences • The Development of Individuals with the Ability to Relate Phenomena to Mathematical Structures in a Non-trivial Way • Physics for Its Own Sake – Insights into the Nature of Our Physical Universe

Examples of Collaborators and Spin-off Companies Astrophysics – Cambridge Positioning Systems Biological and Soft Systems – Unilever, Leverhulme, ICI, Philips, Nestle, Schlumberger Semiconductor Physics – Toshiba, Cavendish Kinetics, Teraview Physics and Chemistry of Solids - DERA, AWE, de Beers, Pilkington, BAe Opto- and Microelectronics – Seiko Epson, Hitachi, Cambridge Display Technologies, Plastic Logic. Quantum Matter - Dryogenic Theory of Condensed Matter – Hitachi, Lucent, IBM Molecular Simulations

Role of Staff Members • All staff take part in the teaching and research programme of the Laboratory • The research programme is developed by the initiatives of the individual researchers at all levels. They have a large degree of freedom in the choice of future directions of their research programme. • The direction of the programme is largely determined by the new appointments we are able to make. The standards for appointment are very high indeed.

Members of the Laboratory University Officers Of these, Research-Teaching Staff 90 65 Contract Staff - Research Fellows, PDRAs 150 Research Students 250 Emeritus and Visitors 70 Assistant staff 140 Total 700

Staff and Research Student Numbers

Senior Management and Administration Head of Department Prof. Peter Littlewood Personal Assistant Ms. Leona Hope Academic Secretary Mr. Robert Hay Administrative Secretary Mr. David Peet Finance Manager Matt Burgess Deputy Head Finance and Resources Prof. Athene Donald Deputy Head Teaching Prof. David Ward Director of Development Prof. Malcolm Longair Safety Officer Dr. Jane Blunt

Committee Structure Staff meeting Computing Management Committee Teaching Committee Executive Board Chair: Head of Department Safety Committee Personnel Committee Heads of Sectors/Groups Graduate Student Committee Finance Committee Many of the Committees have subordinate groups which serve a more consultative role, for example, the Staff-Student Consultative Committee (Teaching Committee) and the Computing Operations Group (Computing Committee).

Research Grant Expenditure • • 2006 -2007 research grant expenditure totalled £ 15 M. Almost £ 11 M from the UK Research Councils • • • Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Medical Research Council (MRC) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) £ 3. 2 M £ 7. 6 M £ 40 k £ 3 k - Other sources: UK Government Bodies, UK industry, UK charities, CEC, other European and overseas sources.

Research Grant Income

The Research Groups

The Research Groups Research is divided into 12 Groups • Astrophysics • High Energy Physics • Detector Physics • Opto and Microelectronics • Atomic, Mesoscopic and Optical Physics • Surface, Microstructure and Fracture • Biological and Soft Systems • Quantum Matter • Inference • Semiconductor Physics • Nanophotonics • Theory of Condensed Matter

Astrophysics • The research programmes of the Astrophysics group are centred on four major areas, each linked to instrumental programmes at the cutting edge of astronomical technology. • Formation of Stars and Planets • Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) • James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) • Observational Cosmology of the Microwave Background Radiation • Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) • ESA Plank Surveyor Satellite

Astrophysics • Formation and Evolution of Galaxies • Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) • Square Kilometre Array (SKA) • High resolution imaging of Stellar Systems and Active Galactic Nuclei • Magdalena Ridge Observatory and Interferometer (MROI) • Kavli Institute for Cosmology • In Aug 2006, the establishment of a Kavli Institute for Cosmology was approved. • Funds provided by the Kavli Foundation will support 5 -year senior research fellowships.

Detector Physics • The Detector Physics Group runs a major facility for designing, manufacturing and testing a new generation of superconducting detectors for astrophysics and the applied sciences. • The Detector Technology • The group is involved in the development of a range of detector technologies. • The Facilities • Better than Class 100 lithography room. • Full cryogenics and RF test facility

Atomic, Mesoscopic and Optical Physics • The Atomic, Mesoscopic and Optical Physics group studies quantum aspects of condensed matter; from Bose-Einstein condensates to semiconductor quantum dots. • Quantum gases and collective phenomena • Areas of interest: superfluidity, quantum magnetism, nonequilibrium phenomena. • Quantum optics and cold atoms • Correlation phenomena of bosonic and fermionic atoms. • Quantum Optoelectronics • Dynamics of spins in lowdimensional semiconductors. • Quantum optics and mesoscopic systems • Optical control and manipulation of multiple spins in quantum confines systems

Biological and Soft Systems • The 21 st Century promises a major expansion at the interface of physics with the life sciences. The Biological and Soft Systems group is pursuing this kind of multidisciplinary research. • Soft Matter • Colloids • Polymers and Composites • Thin Films and Interfaces • Imaging • Environmental Scanning Electron microscope (ESEM) • Medical imaging • Micromechanics and Optical Manipulation

Biological and Soft Systems • Physical properties of biological systems • Cell Biophysics • Molecular Biophysics • Physics of Medicine • Many of the activities are expected to move into the new facility.

Inference • The Inference Group is involved in a wide range of projects in the general area of machine learning and information theory. From the optimisation of errorcorrecting codes to automated strategies for Go. • The Dasher project • Neural Networks • A text-entry interface driven • Used to understand how by natural continuous the brain works. pointing gestures. • Energy research • Informing the public and government of ways energy can be harnessed efficiently and sustainably.

Nanophotonics • In Nanophotonics, new materials are constructed in which atoms are arranged in sophisticated ways on the nanometre scale. These metamaterials often display new properties not observed in the constituents. • Nanoplasmonics • Semiconductor microcavities • Nanoscale self-assembly results • Microcavities represent a new in nanostructured surfaces with interface for light and matter to specific optical properties. meet. • Polymer photonic crystals • Flexible polymer-based photonic crystals change colour under strain.

High Energy Physics • The High Energy Physics group’s research is based on experiments a high energy particle accelerators, with group members making up part of several international collaborations. • ATLAS • A particle physics experiment based at the CERN LHC. • Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment (LHCb) • A special purpose experiment at the LHC used to investigate “Bparticles”

High Energy Physics • Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) • The main goal is to study the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation. • Research and Development • The group works on an R&D programme to solve the challenges of next-gen detectors. • Cavendish HEP Theory work • The groups works on Quantum Chromodynamics and beyond. Standard Model phenomenology.

Opto and Microelectronics • The Optoelectronics group carries out fundamental physics studies in different aspects of organic semiconductor materials; long-chain molecules made from conjugated units such as benzene. • Light Emitting Polymers • The group pioneered the physics of semiconducting polymers as LEDs • Solar Cells • Understanding the formation of electronic states is important to optimise efficiency.

Opto and Microelectronics • Transistors • Research is focussed on the charge transport of organic semiconductors • Microelectronics Research Centre • The MRC works closely with the Hitachi Cambridge laboratory on novel electronic quantum devices.

Quantum Matter • The Shoenberg Laboratory for Quantum Matter studies matter under extreme conditions using advanced experimental techniques and very low temperatures, high magnetic fields and high pressures. • Anisotropic Superconductivity • Exploring theory for p-wave and d-wave superconductivity • Correlated Electron Materials • Studying manifestations of electron-electron correlation • Exotic States of Matter • Non-Fermi liquid behaviour

Quantum Matter • High-Tc Materials • Continuing investigation • High Pressure • A new quantum parameter • Novel Superconductors • Superconduction from new material combinations • Quantum Ferroelectrics • New quantum critical point • New Cryogenics • Simplifying equipment

Semiconductor Physics • The Semiconductor Physics group explores and develops new physics using state-of-the-art semiconductor device fabrication technology, particularly in new types of nanostructures. • One-dimensional Electron transport • Mesoscopic 2 D Electron transport • Examining behaviour in low dimensional systems. • Electron transport in Quantum dots • Possible future as a new computing architecture.

Semiconductor Physics • Surface Acoustic Waves • Quantum Light sources and detectors • Collaborative efforts with Toshiba Research Europe. • Low Temperature scanning probes • Novel scanning system enable study of conduction in devices. • Terahertz science and technology • Many applications due to noninvasive and non-destructive nature. • Thin Film Magnetism • Novel magnetic properties.

Surface, Microstructure and Fracture • The Surface, Microstructure and Fracture group studies surface physics, microstructure, fracture and microscopy, as well as dynamical material testing and high-speed photography. • Fracture physics • High precision experiments to develop theoretical knowledge. • Surface physics • New technique: He-3 Spin-echo. • Structure and dynamics • Understanding how structures behave by external effects.

Theory of Condensed Matter • Theory of Condensed Matter group constantly evolves to address new theoretical challenges, some of which arise from novel experiments performed in the Cavendish and elsewhere. • Collective Quantum Phenomena • Using theoretical methods to address physical problems • Quantum mechanical methods • Developing new methods with greater accuracy. • Soft condensed matter • Investigating liquid crystal behaviour.

The Department

Teaching • Training future generations of physical scientists continues to be a central pillar of the Cavendish’s programme. • The Laboratory attracts large numbers of the brightest young scientists from the UK and overseas at both undergraduate and graduate levels.

Teaching • Undergraduate Teaching • Physics students are able to develop their enthusiasm and ingenuity through the challenges provided by the course. • Graduate Teaching • The Laboratory offers graduates from around the world the opportunity to work with worldclass researchers across the complete spectrum of physics.

Undergraduate Teaching Student numbers 1 st year Part IA 400 2 nd year Part IB (single) 170 Part IB (double) 150 3 rd year Part II 120 4 th year Part III 100 In the 1 st year students studying Natural Sciences are required to take three experimental subjects and mathematics. Students in 3 rd and 4 th year spend most of their time on the West Cambridge site. Students in the first two years have lectures in the centre and practical classes in the Laboratory.

Undergraduate Numbers

Development • Physics is a living and dynamic discipline, which continues to expand in intellectual depth and breadth. • Particularly significant are the many cross-linkages with other departments, notably the physics of biology, medicine and the life sciences. • These ground-breaking developments require new investment in infrastructure.

Development • The University has recognised that it is essential to rebuild the Laboratory to match the new requirements of the research and teaching programmes. Specifically: • The present buildings, constructed in 1974, are no longer appropriate for the current programme or, in light of new interdisciplinary collaborations and new investigative techniques, for the future direction of research at the Cavendish. • The provision of state-of-the-art laboratories, offices and supporting infrastructure, including scientific computing, with all the advantages of modern design, will enable the Cavendish to maintain and enhance its contribution to physics at the international level. • The reconstruction of the Laboratory will complement the University's ambitious plans for a major contemporary science complex on the West Cambridge site.

Outreach • Educational Outreach to the broader community, particularly young people, is an essential part of the work of the Laboratory. • The Educational Outreach Office has the prime objective of stimulating interest in physics amongst 11 -19 year-olds. • Physics at Work • The flagship event organised by the Cavendish is the Physics at Work exhibition. • Over 2000 young people visit the Laboratory over a three-day period.

Outreach • Working with Schools • Educating the next generation of physicists is regarded as an important responsibility. • Senior Physics Challenge • A major "schools physics development programme” and "university access initiative". • Cavendish Physics Centre • Envisioned well-equipped facilities to demonstrate the scope of physics.

Contacts The Cavendish Laboratory Head of Department JJ Thomson Avenue Prof. Peter Littlewood Cambridge Tel: +44 (0) 1223 337 429 CB 3 0 HE, UK Email: hod@phy. cam. ac. uk Tel: +44 (0) 1223 337 200 Director of Development Fax: +44 (0) 1223 363 263 Prof. Malcolm Longair Email: hod@phy. cam. ac. uk Tel: +44 (0) 1223 765 953 Web: www. phy. cam. ac. uk Email: msl 1000@cam. ac. uk Development website: http: //www. phy. cam. ac. uk/cavendish/development/