The category of mood.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Content: The list of literature, The problems of definition, Mood & Modality, Different conceptions of scholars, Moods one by one: indicative mood imperative mood oblique moods. 6. Other moods, 7. Conclusion.
1. The list of literature: 1. L. L Iofik, L. P Chakhoyan – “Readings in theory of English Grammar”, 2. A. V Zelenshokova, E. S Petrova – “A new university English Grammar”, 3. I. P Ivanova, V. V Burlakova, G. G Pochepsov – “Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка”, 4. L. S Barhudarov – “Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка”, 5. B. S Khaimovich, B. I Rogovskaya – “A course in English Grammar”, 6. O. V Aleksandrova, T. A Komova – “Modern English Grammar: Morphology & Syntax”, 7. M. Y Blokh – “A course in theoretical English Grammar” , 8. B. Ilyish – “The structure of modern English”.
2. The problems of definition: "Mood - expresses the relation of the action to reality, as stated by the speaker. ” by Academician V. Vinogradov “Mood - express different degrees of reality of an action, one mood represents it as actually taking (or having taken) place, while another represents it as merely conditional or desired. ” by Professor B. Ilyish “Mood – the grammatical form expressing different relations between subject and predicate” by Professor H. Sweet “Mood – changes in the form of the verb to show the various ways in which the action or state is thought of by the speaker” by Professor Curme «Наклонением называется глагольная категория, выражающая определенную модальность высказывания, т. е. устанавливаемое говорящим отношение высказывания к действительности. » By Professors I. P Ivanova, V. V Burlakova, G. G Pochepsov
“Mood – is the grammatical category of the verb reflecting the relation of the action denoting by the verb to reality from the speaker’s point of view. by Professors B. S Khaimovich, B. I Rogovskaya “The category of mood - expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon, i. e. the subject of a hypothesis, speculation, desire. ” by Professor M. Y Blokh “Mood – is a word changing grammatical category denoting relations of a verb action to reality and presenting it as real (indicative mood) or unreal (imperative/ conjunctive mood). ” by Professor Shteling
3. Mood & Modality: Modality (Primary modality) - is a grammatical category indicating that the sentence is to be interpreted as denoting a state of affairs which is real or unreal, possible or necessary, desirable or forbidden, obligatory or permitted, certain or probable, etc. Expressed by: • Modal words (perhaps, possibly, probably, certainly, sure, etc. ) • Modal verbs (can, must, may, ought to, etc. ) • Syntactical means (different types of sentences) • Phonetical means (intonation), • The mood (secondary modality)
4. Different conceptions of scholars: A. I. Smirnitsky, O. S. Akhmanova, M. Ganshina and N. Vasilevskaya B. A. Ilyish, L. P. Vinokurova, V. N. Zhigadlo, I. P. Ivanova, L. L. lofik 6 moods in modern English 1. indicative, 2. imperative, 3. subjunctive I, 4. subjunctive II, 5. conditional, 6. suppositional. 3 moods in English 1. indicative, 2. imperative, 3. subjunctive. L. S. Barkhudarov, D. A. Shteling 2 moods in English 1. indicative, 2. subjunctive. G. N. Vorontsova 4 moods in English 1. indicative, 2. optative (imperative, desiderative, subjunctive), 3. speculative, (dubitative, irrealis) 4. presumptive.
5. Indicative mood: The indicative mood is used to represent an action or state as a real fact. 2 problems of the indicative mood: Prof. Ilyish: 1. Erroneous statements. eg: I know English perfectly. 2. Usage in conditional sentences. eg: I will speak to him if I meet him.
Imperative mood: The imperative mood embraces the synthetic and analytical forms of notional verbs and represents an action or state as desirable and expresses a request or a command. • No person, number, tense, or aspect distinctions, • It is limited in its use to one type of sentence only, imperative sentences. "But, Tessie—" he pleaded, going towards her. "You leave me alone!" she cried out loudly. (E. CALDWELL) “You sit here!”
The word combinations with let do not belong to the Imperative Mood as a grammatical category, but they render the imperative meaning when it is necessary to point out directly: eg: Let me explain my motives. Let’s play draughts. Let him do it all by himself. Prof. Vorontsova believes that constructions with let are analytical forms.
Oblique moods: Prof. Ilyish “When identifying any grammatical category we should find generalized meaning and a special form. ” If we start from the meanings of the mood forms, we obtain the following headings: Means of Expression • come (!) (no ending, no auxiliary, and usually without subject, 2 nd person only) • (he) come (no ending, no auxiliary) • Possibility (action thought should come (should for all persons) of as conditionally possible, may come (? ) or as purpose of another action, etc. ) Meaning • Inducement (order, request, prayer, and the like) • Unreal condition • Consequence of unreal condition • came, had come (same as past or past perfect indicative), used in subordinate clauses • should come (1 st person) would come (2 nd and 3 rd person) → 4 moods
If, on the other hand, we start from the means of expressing moods, we are likely to get something like this system: Means of Expression • come (!) (no ending, no auxiliary, and usually without subject) • Inducement Meaning • (he) come (no ending in any person, no auxiliary) • Possibility • came, had come • Unreal condition • should come (for all persons) • Unlikely condition • should come (1 st person) • Consequence of unreal condition • would come (2 nd and 3 rd person ) • Wish or purpose • may come (? ) → 6 moods
Subjunctive I: 6. Other moods: A grammatical form that denotes an action or state as supposed or imagined, or contrary to fact is said to belong to the Subjunctive mood. • It’s ordered that all soldiers be sent home. • May long live peace. Subjunctive II: When the subjunctive form expresses the meaning of an indefinite supposition, non-contradictory to its actualization the Subjunctive II is said to be used. • If I were you I should try it. • If I went there I should know it. • If he had put on warm shoes he wouldn’t have frozen.
The suppositional mood: Can be rendered by some notional verbs: to suppose, to believe, to hope, to wish… There are some syntactic positions that demand the use of a particular form of the auxiliary should + infinitive. eg: Should he come tell him about it. The conditional mood: Can be rendered by the idea of the action that is thought to be unreal. The set of the categorial forms of this category is based on two auxiliary verbs, originally modal in their semantics: should and would. eg: If he asked me I should give him the best answer I know.
7. Conclusion: Mood is a grammatical category expressing the speaker’s attitude towards the meaning is composed of the opposition of the indicative and the imperative on the one hand indicative and conjunctive on the other hand. The indicative is neutral to modality. The imperative will be the marked member of the 1 st opposition, expressing command, request on the special form and in the 2 nd opposition conjunctive/oblique is the marked member, it falls into subjunctive I, subjunctive II, conditional, suppositional.
