The castle and Cathedral in Durham Stavropol

«The castle and Cathedral in Durham» Stavropol Krai Yessentuki Lyceum № 6 9 V class Kipa Ekaterina

Durham City - Durham Castle and Cathedral • Located on the River Wear, in the north of England, the Durham Cathedral is considered an architectural masterpiece. Mounted on the top of a steep, overhanging wooded peninsula, the cathedral throughout the century helped the local residents protect Durham from enemies. • Located next to the cathedral, Durham Castle has developed over the course of a century from an ancient fortress, and is now part of the Durham University. In the XII century the peninsula was fortified with protective walls, some of which have survived to this day. Durham was not only a fortified place, but also a place of pilgrimage. • The Durham Cathedral owes its existence to St. Cuthbert, who died in 687 and was first buried on the island of Lindisfarn on the coast of Northumberland. To protect his remains from the Vikings' raids, the monks carried them from place to place and finally delivered in 995 to Durham, a city where the Bishop's Department was subsequently transferred

In 998, the monks built a stone "white church" for the relics of the saint, now not existing. In 1022, the church found the relics of the Venerable Honorable, who died in 735 and was buried in Yarrow. The discovery of the relics of these two saints was the motive for the construction in Durham of a cathedral for pilgrims.

Following the conquest of England by the Normans in 1066, the clergy of Durham were reformed. Now the city has become an important center of the Christian church in Northern England. The construction of the cathedral began in 1093 and was completed in 1133. This cathedral became the pinnacle of medieval architecture and at the same time witnessed the beginning of the transition from the Romanesque style to the Gothic. Since the cathedral was built in a short time, in just 40 years, its architecture is uniform. But the nearby castle was rebuilt for 900 years. The castle was built by the order of William the Conqueror (rules 1066 -1087).

• The modern view of the castle retains the features of the original, Norman appearance. It is built according to a typical example for Norman architecture, with a steep earthen valim on the top of which there are defensive structures in the east, and a large patio around the shaft, protected by an external wall, to the west. Walthack, Earl of Northumberland, began the construction of the castle in 1072 by the order of William the Conqueror himself. After this, William transferred control of the castle to the hands of Bishop Walcher Lawrence. During the subsequent bishops of Durham, the castle continued to be rebuilt for 750 years.

• The lock carried a double function. He defended Durham from constant attacks of Scots from the north and at the same time served as the administrative center and the official residence of bishops. After the XVII century, the castle lost its importance as a fortress and began to serve only as an episcopal residence. In the XIX century, the castle became part of the university. • The architecture of the castle reflects the numerous changes and additions carried out during the century. The northern wing preserved fragments of the Romanesque period. The oldest accessible part of the castle is the Norman chapel, built in the Saxon style in 1078. • Unlike other European cathedrals, the Durham Cathedral today looks almost the same as after the completion of construction in 1133. During the construction, a number of important technical innovations were applied, which had a huge impact on the Gothic architecture throughout Europe.

• The cathedral was built in the roman aile, which prevailed throughout Western Europe between 1050 and 1200 years. As its name implies, the Romanesque style developed under the influence of Roman architecture and absorbed such features as rounded arches, large columns, small windows and simple carvings. • The cathedral was planned by Bishop Kerilef. Constructed from sandstone, it consists of a large nave with lateral, diverging in the form of eight rays, wings and a ribbed vault. The structure of the ribbed arch made it possible to bend its large sections, and this pattern contributed to the development of the Gothic style, in which such ribs help to emphasize the upward internal space of the temple. The height of the vault is about three floors, but its proportions were unusual for that time, as the main arcade is almost equal in height to the gallery and the upper row of windows that illuminate the choir. This feature draws visitors' attention to the arcades and helps create the illusion of a large space.

• In addition to the innovative design of the ribbed vault, there are other innovations in the design of the cathedral. Covered with a black marble slab, the grave of the Poor Venerable is in the Galilee Chapel, built at the western end of the cathedral between 1170 and 1175. At the eastern end of the cathedral is the chapel of the Nine altars - a large, flat serving apse, built in the XIII century, which frees the space for the passage of pilgrims to the relics of St. Cuthbert. The transept at the eastern end is no longer in any English church except for the Fontenay Abbey in Yorkshire. • The light dome in the center was restored in the 15 th century after it was destroyed by a storm. Its position is unusual and complements the two western towers. A large window in the north wall with a double openwork grille is considered the best example of temple gothic

ATTRACTIONS • 1. Durham Castle. Built in the XI century castle throughout its 900 -year history has been repeatedly rebuilt. • 2. Palis Green - until the XII century it was the center of Durham, where the old market was located. • 3. The Cathedral. Built between 1093 and 1133, this cathedral is considered one of the best examples of Norman architecture. The initial plan of the cathedral remained virtually unchanged, and one of its main attractions is the large nave with a vaulted ceiling. • 4. Northern and Southern patios. Built for defense purposes, courtyards were designed as a street, nestled in the eastern part of the castle walls. • 5. Bridge Prebends. From this bridge built in 1777, you can see the Wear River and the tops of the western towers of the cathedral. • 6. Castle dungeon - a large octagonal tower installed on the terraced hillside, on the east side of the patio. It was used as an episcopal palace, and in 1840 it was radically reconstructed. Currently, part of the Durham University.

• 7. Galilee Chapel, also known as the Chapel of the Holy Virgin, at the time was the only part of the cathedral, where the women were allowed to enter. It was built in 1189 year. By the XV century the chapel was in ruins and was restored in the original Romanesque style. In the one-story hall with five side chapels there is the grave of Bede Venerable. • 8. Grave of St. Cuthbert. The sanctuary of the saint is located in the chapel of the Nine altars. Tomb cross and several embroidered stole, can be seen in the Cathedral Museum treasures. • 9. The Chapel of the Nine Altars is set on the terrace below the floor level of the cathedral. In the chapel there are two magnificent stained-glass windows, a vaulted basement, tall lancet arches and the upper row of light windows. • 10. The monastery. Founded in 1083, the monastery for more than 450 years served as a workshop for Benedictine monks, until it was closed and dissolved in 1540.

INTERESTING FACTS • 1. From the early period of Christianity, Saint Cuthbert was one of the most respected Christian missionaries who converted people to their faith, and was canonized as a saint. As a child, he was a shepherd, but after the vision that appeared to him, he entered the Celtic monastery, where he became famous for his piety and learning. Initially resisting the Roman tradition of monasticism, Saint Cuthbert accepted Roman Catholic teaching when he was appointed abbot of the monastery in Lindisfarne. • St. Cuthbert forcedly accepted the post of Bishop of Lindisfarne, proposed to him in 685, and fulfilled his duties with dignity. Two years later he left this post and soon died. The body of the saint, according to his last will, was buried in Lindisfarne and remained there until the relics were transferred to the Durham cathedral. • 2. The cathedral in Durham was built in the late 11 th - early 12 th century. It stores the relics of St. Cuthbert and the famous scholar monk Bede the Venerable. The cathedral is an excellent example of Norman architecture in England. The innovative design of its arches anticipates the later Gothic. The castle - an ancient Norman fortress - was the residence of the bishops of Durham.

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