THE BOOK OF ISAIAH The Times of

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH

The Times of Isaiah B. C. Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Jotham (750 -735) Ahaz Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686)

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH THE KINGS OF ISAIAH’S DAY

Isaiah 1: 1, “The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. ” “Shebnayahu, official to Uzziah” THE KINGS OF ISAIAH’S DAY

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Isaiah 1: 1, “The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. ” “Belonging to Ahaz, (son of) Jotham, king of Judah” THE KINGS OF ISAIAH’S DAY

The Kings of Isaiah’s Day B. C. Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Kings of Assyria Jotham (750 -735) Ahaz Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686) Tiglathpileser III 745 -727 B. C.

Tiglath-pileser III (r. 745 -727)

THE KINGS OF ISAIAH’S DAY “I received the tribute of Kushtashpi of Commagene, Urik of Qu’e…. Jehoahaz of Judah. . . ” (The Ancient Near East, vol. 1, James Pritchard, p. 193)

Isaiah 1: 1, “The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. ” “Belonging to Hizqiyahu, (son of) Ahaz, king of Judah. ” THE KINGS OF ISAIAH’S DAY

The Kings of Isaiah’s Day B. C. Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Jotham (750 -735) Tiglath. Kings of Assyria pileser III Ahaz Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686) Sennacherib 705 -681 B. C.

Isaiah 1: 1, “The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. ” “The officials, the patricians and the (common) people of Ekron -- who had thrown Padi, their king, in fetters (because he was) loyal to (his) solemn oath (sworn) by the god Ashur, and handed him over to Hezekiah, the Jew -- (and) he held him in prison…” (ANE, Pritchard, p. 199)

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. • The threat from Israel and Syria during Ahaz’s reign, 7: 1 -17; 8: 3 -4

ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Jotham (750 -735) Ahaz Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686) Pekah (742 -732) Tiglathpileser III Kings of Assyria 745 -727 B. C. Hoshea

2 Kgs, 16: 7, “So Ahaz sent messengers to Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, saying, I am thy servant and thy son: come up, and save me out of the hand of the king of Syria, and out of the hand of the king of Israel, which rise up against me. ”

2 Kgs. 16: 8, “And Ahaz took the silver and gold that was found in the house of Jehovah, and in the treasures of the king's house, and sent it for a present to the king of Assyria. 9 And the king of Assyria hearkened unto him; and the king of Assyria went up against Damascus, and took it, and carried the people of it captive to Kir, and slew Rezin. ” Tigl. -pile s er

2 Kgs. 15: 29, “In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria, and took Ijon, and Abel-beth-maacah, and Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali; and he carried them captive to Assyria. ” “Israel…all its inhabitants (and) their possessions I led to Assyria. ” (ANE, Pritchard, 194) “…And the spoil of Samaria shall be carried away before the king of Assyria” (Isa. 8: 4)

2 Kgs. 15: 30, “And Hoshea the son of Elah made a conspiracy against Pekah the son of Remaliah, and smote him, and slew him, and reigned in his stead, in the twentieth year of Jotham the son of Uzziah. ” “…. They overthrew their king Pekah and I placed Hoshea king over them. ” (ANE, Pritchard, 194) Isaiah 7: 1 -8: 4

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. • The threat from Israel and Syria during Ahaz’s reign, 7: 1 -17; 8: 3 -4 • Sargon’s capture of Ashdod, 20: 1

SARGON II’S PALACE

ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Jotham (750 -735) Tiglath. Kings of Assyria pileser III Ahaz Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686) Sargon II, 722 -705 Sennacherib

“Azuri, king of Ashdod, had schemed not to deliver tribute any more and sent messages (full) of hostilities against Assyia, to the kings (living) in his neighborhood…. “I besieged (and) captured the cities of Ashdod, Gath, Asdudimmu…” (ANE, Pritchard, 197) Isaiah 20: 1

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. • The threat from Israel and Syria during Ahaz’s reign, 7: 1 -17; 8: 3 -4 • Sargon’s capture of Ashdod, 20: 1 • Sennacherib’s first invasion, 36: 1

ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Jotham (750 -735) Ahaz Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686) Tiglath. Shal. Kings of Assyria pileser III maneser Sargon Sennacherib 705 -681 B. C.

“As to Hezekiah, the Jew, he did not submit to my yoke, I laid siege to 46 of his strong cities, walled forts and to the countless small villages in their vicinity, and conquered (them) by means of well-stamped (earth-)ramps, and battering-rams brought (thus) near (to the walls) …. “I drove out 200, 150 people, young and old, male and female…” (ANE, Pritchard, p. 199) Isaiah 36: 1

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. • The threat from Israel and Syria during Ahaz’s reign, 7: 1 -17; 8: 3 -4 • Sargon’s capture of Ashdod, 20: 1 • Sennacherib’s first invasion, 36: 1 • The siege of Lachish, 36: 2

(Siege of Lachish) "Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, sat on his nimedu-throne, and passed in review the booty taken from Lachish. ” (ANE, Pritchard, 201)

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. • The threat from Israel and Syria during Ahaz’s reign, 7: 1 -17; 8: 3 -4 • Sargon’s capture of Ashdod, 20: 1 • Sennacherib’s first invasion, 36: 1 • The siege of Lachish, 36: 2 • The fall of Samaria, 36: 19

09 ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN , 7 ria THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. a m Sa f lo l Fa Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Kings of Assyria Ahaz Jotham (750 -735) Tiglathpileser III B. C. Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686) Shalmanezer Sargon II Sennach.

Isa. 36: 19, “Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? where are the gods of Sepharvaim? and have they delivered Samaria out of my hand? ” “Property of Sargon… king of Assyria… conqueror of Samaria and of the entire (country of) Israel…” (ANE, Pritchard, 195)

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH’S PREDICTIVE PROPHECIES, 13: 1, 19; 45: 1, 13

Prophecies concerning nations

“. . . Jehovah stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, so that he made a proclamation throughout “Thus saith Jehovah all his kingdom. . . All the kingdoms of the earth to his anointed, to hath Jehovah, the God of Cyrus…. he shall build my city, and he heaven, given me; and he shall let my exiles hath charged me to build go free…” (Isa. 45: him a house in Jerusa 1, 13) lem. . . ” (Ezra 1: 1 -2) Prophecies concerning nations

The Dead Sea Scrolls

Dating the Isaiah Scroll Zurich carbon dating at 1 -σ level: 201 -93 BC Tucson carbon dating at 1 -σ level: 341 -325 or 202 -114 BC Zurich carbon dating at 2 -σ level: 351 -296 or 230 -48 BC Tucson carbon dating at 2 -σ level: 351 -295 or 230 -53 BC (The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance for Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity, by James C. Vander. Kam and Peter Flint, p. 32)

Carbon Dating (Years B. C. )

Paleography: English Script of the 17 th Century

Dating the Isaiah Scroll Paleography: “Among Semitic paleographers in Great Britain, Dr. S. A. Birnbaum, of the London School of Oriental and African Studies, occupies a position second to none. . His verdict on the date of. . . the complete Isaiah scroll (Isaiah A) between 175 and 150 B. C. ” (F. F. Bruce, Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls, pp. 42 -43)

Paleography (Years B. C. )

Probable Date of the Isaiah Scroll LXX (Years B. C. )

Probable Date of the Book of Isaiah (Years B. C. )

n; o se ri f. C o s ru y yl b of l a B al F (Years B. C. )

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH’S PREDICTIVE PROPHECIES, 9: 6, 7; 53: 1 ff

Why the Suffering Servant of Isaiah 53 is not the Nation of Israel: • He is portrayed in detailed features as a human personality. Could Israel have been personified in poetic language lacking any hint of allegory? (cf. Gal. 4: 21 -24). • He is an innocent sufferer (vs. 9, 12). Was Israel an innocent sufferer? (v. 8) • “For the transgression of my people was he stricken” (v. 8). If the servant is the nation, how could he be stricken for Israel?

Why the Suffering Servant of "Judaism does Nation of Israel: Isaiah 53 is not the not even claim to besufferer (vs. 9, 12). Was Israel the response to • He is a voluntary these hopes. It has no a voluntary sufferer? • His suffering is to offer, and spiritual in Messiah redemptive no nature ( vs. 5, 11). Can this be said of Israel? Suffering Servant that can • His sufferingto vicarious, that is, things is gather (vs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12). Has Himself the substitutionary Israel suffered to redeem other nations (52: 15)? predicated of the Servant in • His suffering ends in death (vs. 8, of 12). Have the fifty-third chapter 10, the sufferings of Israel ended in death? Isaiah. . . ” (H. H. Rowley, The Unity of the Bible, p. 118)

The Suffering of the “Suffering Servant” and the Suffering of Jesus Isaiah 53 With his stripes we are healed (v. 5) Jesus By whose stripes ye were healed (1 Pet. 2: 24) He is the propitiation for He shall see the travail our sins; and not for of his soul, and shall be ours only, but also for satisfied (v. 11) the whole world (1 Jn. 2: 2)

The Suffering of the “Suffering Servant” and the Suffering of Jesus Isaiah 53 As a lamb that is led to the slaughter (v. 7) He shall bear their iniquities…. He poured out his soul unto death (vs. 11 -12) Jesus. . . the Lamb of God, that taketh away the sin of the world (Jn. 1: 29) Philip. . . beginning from this Scripture, preached unto him Jesus (Acts 8: 35) This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many unto remission of sins (Matt. 26: 28)

The Suffering of the “Suffering Servant” and the Suffering of Jesus Isaiah 53 Thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin (v. 10) Jesus The Son of man came…to give his life a ransom for many (Matt. 20: 28) He bare the sin of many Who his own self bare (v. 12); He shall bear our sins in his body their iniquities (v. 11) upon the tree (1 Pet. 2: 24)

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH u THE KINGS OF ISAIAH’S DAY u ISAIAH’S RECORD OF PALESTINE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. u ISAIAH’S PREDICTIVE PROPHECIES

The Times of Isaiah 22 7 ib 701 er , a, ri ch ah a m na ud en s J Sa S e of ll ad v Fa in B. C. Uzziah (790 -739) Kings of Judah Jeroboam II (793 -753) Jotham (750 -735) Ahaz Hezekiah (732 -715) (715 -686) Menahem Pekah Hoshea (752 -742) (742 -732) Kings of Israel Shal. Tiglath. Sargon II Sennacherib Kings of Assyria pileser III manezer