The Birth of Civilization • Pre-History-period of millions of years before writing • 3000 BC: 1 st Civilizations – Mesopotamia – Egypt
What Makes a Civilization? • • • Effective and Lasting Gov’t Compelling Religious Beliefs Scientific Advancements Literature Art
Analogy of the Earth’s Lifespan • Take a 24 hour time period • Prior to humans: 23 hours and 58 seconds • Civilization: . 5 second
Paleolithic • • • Old Stone Age Simple Tools Chipped Stone Hunters Gatherers
Lower Paleolithic Period • 2, 500, 000 BC - 120, 000 BC, approx-homo erectus and hand axes
Middle Paleolithic Period • 300, 000 BC - 30, 000 BC, approx • Neanderthals
Upper Paleolithic • • 30, 000 BC - 10, 000 BC, approx First Modern Man; the Cro-Magnon Agriculture Origins of Language
Neolithic • • • The New Stone Age Began in SW Asia (Middle East) Domestication of Animals Farming First Technology Ends with the beginning of the Bronze Age
Neolithic • • 3500 BC: The Wheel 3500 BC: The Plow Development of Villages Led by elders More children were born Women became the caretakers Religion associated with food production
Cradles of Civilization • River Valleys in the Middle East-3500 BC • In India + China-2500 BC • Central America-500 BC
Mesopotamia • • • “Between Rivers” Tigris + Euphrates Rivers Irrigation Complex Society Sumer + Ur: 2 major cities (SE Iraq)
Society in Sumer + Ur • Priests were at the top-closet to God • Kings: arose from battles over land + water • Eventually the King would overtake the Priests in terms of power • King-High Priests-Officers-Land Owners. Merchants-Peasants
Writing • Cuneiform • Records
Science • • Math-multiplication, division, square root 60 minute hour 60 second minute 360 degree circle Hypotenuse Area Lunar Calendar-7 days Zodiac signs
Ziggurat
Society • Polytheism • Gilgamesh • Science: – 60 secs – 60 minutes – 360 degrees – Hypotenuse – Area
Babylonia • • 2400 -1200 BC Sargon conquered Sumer Amorite Kings HAMMURABI
How do Civilizations Expand? • • • Trade War Phoenicians: Mediterranean Trade Assyria: Empire Builders Persia: Empire Builders
Phoenician Trade Routes
Egypt
Egypt • • • Mix of black, white, asian Nile River Upper Egypt-Valley Lower Egypt-Delta Pharoh-God/King
The Pharaoh • The land of the Nile, Egypt, was the fief of the son of the Sun God Re • Aristocratic society • Women: treated well • Polytheism
The Three Kingdoms • Old Kingdom: 2700 BC-Pharohs were at the height of their power • Middle Kingdom: Thebes • New Kingdom: The collapse, egypt was ruled by Libya, Persia, Greece, Rome, • Society remained Egyptian in nature
Mummification A mummy is a corpse whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold or dryness, or airlessness.
The Pyramids • http: //www. guardians. net/egypt/cyberjourn ey/dahshur/bentpyramid/bent 1. htm
Giza Pyramid • 476 feet high • 760 feet wide at the base • 2. 3 million cut blocks of stone-5, 000 lbs each • Polished Marble
Science • • • Solar Calendar 3 weeks ten days each Medical Libraries & Schools Wind power Sailboats
Egypt Film: Discuss
Phoenicia • Modern day Lebanon • Mediterranean Trade • Conquered by Cyrus
Assyria • • 900 -600 BC Ruled by force and terror Skinning Burning Alive Battering Rams First military state Destroyed themselves
Persia
Cyrus • • Built a great empire Was kind to his conquered subjects Respected local customs + religions Used governors to be his “eyes”
Persia • • • Religion: similar to Christianity God: Ahura Mazda Devil: Angra Mainyu Zoroastra: “Golden Rule” Cuneiform: writing Corruption will lead to the decline of the empire • Conquered by…. .
Alexander the Great • Conquered most of the known world • Tutored by Aristotle
Judaism • • • One God Originated as a small Mesopotamian tribe Wandered to Palestine led by Abraham Fled to Egypt during a famine Oppressed by the Pharaohs Led by Moses back to Palestine
Israel • • Founded by Abraham Moses-escaped Egypt Yahweh-God 2 Kingdoms – Israel – Judah – Toral
Judaism • • Yahweh-the 1 indisputable God The Creator David & Solomon-Great Kings Mount Zion-great temple
The Split • • • Solomon dies-Kingdom split Israel-North Judah-South 722 -Isreal destroyed by the Assyrians 587 Judah is sacked by the Babylonian The scattering of the Jews
The Jews as Scattered Peoples 587 -330 BC 515 -The Persians conquere Palestine & invite the Jews back Many do not return Diaspora-living scattered High priests ruled but under the authority of the Persian Emperor Hebrew Bible-Old Testament-Torah Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments
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