The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within

The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within the New York City Watershed Elizabeth Walker, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165 -2 Instructor: Dr. Howard Rubin Spring, 2011

Introduction Environmental Health Importance Dairy Calves Water sources New York City

Water Facts Water on Earth Illnesses by water World-wide United States Moeller, 2005 Circle of Blue, 2009 Jongo News, 2007

History of the Watershed Croton Watershed, 1842 Filtered Cheeseman, 2011 Watershed Agricultural Council [WAC], 2010 a, b Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2010 Catskill/Delaware system, 1907 Treated, unfiltered Nicole, 2011 USEPA, 2010 Catskill Watershed Corporation, 2005

Regulations Safe Drinking Water Act, 1986 Surface Water Treatment Rule, 1989 USEPA, 2010 NYC Department of Environmental Protection [DEP], 2011 Southern Nevada Water Authority, 2011

Watershed Agricultural Programs Whole Farm Planning Nutrient Management Youngstock Pathogen Management WAC, 2010 b

Dairy Calf Health & Biosecurity Kansas State University, 2003

General Calf Health Calf immunity Common diseases Early health Penn State University [PSU], 2008 Cornell University, 2011 d Squash Blossom Farm, 2009

Factors Affecting Calf Health Calving area Housing Feeding Environment Weaning Stress Farm pathogen load Cattle Health Assurance Program

Simple Mitigation Strategies & Benefits For Factors Affecting Calf Health

Calving Area/Maternity Pen Clean & dry Fresh bedding No other animals Land O’ Lakes, 2010 EPA, 2005

**First Feeding After Birth** Antibody uptake First Hour of Birth Quality of colostrum Land O’ Lakes, 2010 PSU, 2008 Mallorie’s Dairy, Inc. , 2010

Feeding After Birth Colostrum from other cows Further feeding Effect on milk yield Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Cornell University, 2011 b, c, d University of Minnesota Extension, 2011 Sirois, 2004

Housing Individual structures Ventilation Draft-free Comfortable Hilson & Westenbroek, 2003 b Starkey, et al. , 2006 UK Agriculture, 2011 Curtis, et al, 1988

Environment & Stress Microenvironment (Farm) Hygiene Bedding Routine tasks STRESS! Macroenvironment (Nature) NYS seasons Flooding

Time of Weaning the Calf Wean from mother Wean from milk and housing Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Hilson & Westenbroek, 2003 a

NYSCHAP New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program Free service Risk-assessment Herd Plan Cornell University, 2011 a NYSCHAP, 2009

Other Strategies Iodine Chores Vaccinations Record Keeping Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Welsh Lamb and Beef Producers, 2009

Diseases and Pathogens of Interest Growing Notes, 2003

Gastrointestinal (GI) Pathogens Bacteria: E. coli Clostridium Salmonella Virus: Rota-virus Corona-virus Parasites: Cryptosporidia Giardia Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011

Mammary/Milk Transmitted Pathogens Bacteria: Salmonella Infectious Mastitis Mycoplasma Bovis (pneumonia) Virus: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV)

Human Threats Zoonoses E. coli Salmonella Cryptosporidia Giardia University of California, Davis, 1995 Traders City, 2009

NYC Watershed Interest Cryptosporidia University of California, Davis, 1995 Collick, et al. , 2006; Mark-Carew, et al. , 2010 Giardia Gonzalez, 2002 Caduceus Newsletter, 2004

Summary of Benefits Farms, Animals, Environment, & People

Farms DECREASE INCREASE Stress Immunity Pathogen Transfer Early health Calf mortality Productivity of the animal Cornell University, 2011 d

Animals Farm animals Pets Wildlife Halliburton Farms, 2006

Environment Manure spreading Pathogen runoff Wildlife Free George, 2011

People DECREASE INCREASE Pathogen transfer Clean water Pathogen infection Survivability Water-borne disease Appreciation of farm efforts DEP, 2011

Conclusion MANAGEMENT Record keeping Recognition Suggestions Farm efforts Walker, 2010 b

Questions Penn State University, 2007

Local Resources Cornell Cooperative Extension of Delaware County Website: http: //www. ccedelaware. org/Home. aspx Telephone: (607) 865 -6531 Delaware County Soil and Water Conservation District Website: http: //www. dcswcd. org/ Telephone: 607 -865 -7161 New York City Department of Environmental Protection Website: http: //www. nyc. gov/html/dep/html/home. shtml

Additional Resources New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program http: //nyschap. vet. cornell. edu/ United States Department of Agriculture Animal Disease Traceability: http: //www. aphis. usda. gov/traceability/ Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians Author: Dennis M. Mc. Curnin Penn State University Cooperative Extension http: //extension. psu. edu/production-agriculture/dairy

References Catskill Watershed Corporation. (2005). A brief history. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http: //cwconline. org/about/ab_hist. html. Circle of Blue. (2009). Infographic: Ten things you should know about water. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http: //www. circleofblue. org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/waterinfo. pdf. Collick, A. S. , Fogarty, E. A. , Ziegler, P. E. , Walter, M. T. , Bowman, D. D. , and T. S. Steenhuis. (2006). Survival of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in calf housing facilities in the New York City watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 680 -587. Doi: 10. 2134/jeq 2005. 0273. Cornell University. (2011 a, February). Healthy herds: Cattle health program helps herds and humans. ‘Scopes Magazine. Retrieved from http: //www. vet. cornell. edu/news/documents/Scopes_FEB 11_FLto. Print. pdf. Cornell University. (2011 b). 2011 Herd health and nutrition conferences. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http: //www. ansci. cornell. edu/prodairy/HHNC/proceedings/2011 Complete. Proceedings. pdf. Cornell University. (2011 c). Interactions of health, disease, and nutrition in dairy calves. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http: //www. abc. cornell. edu/prodairy/HHNC/proceedings/HHNC 2011. 4. Nydam. pdf. Cornell University. (2011 d). Taking the long view: Treat them nice as babies and they will be better adults. Curtis, C. R. , Scarlett, J. M. , Erb, H. N. , White, M. E. (1988). Path model of individual-calf risk factors for calfhood morbidity and mortality in New York holstein herds. Preventative Veterinary Medicine, 6, 43 -62. Hilson, J. , & T. Westenbroek. (2003 a). Day one- Newborn calves. Calf Management Newsletter, 1(1), p. 1 -2. Hilson, J. , & T. Westenbroek. (2003 b). Replacement housing- young calves. Calf Management Newsletter, 1(3), p. 1 -2. Land O’ Lakes. (2010). Biosecurity in calf management. Mark-Carew, M. P. , Khan, Y. , Wade, S. E. , Schaaf, S. & H. O. Mohammed. (2010). Incidence of and risks associated with Giardia infections in herds on dairy farms in the New York City Watershed. ACTA Veterinaria Scandinavica, 52(44), p. 1 -8.

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Image References NYSCHAP. (2009). Logo. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //nyschap. vet. cornell. edu/module/leukosis/section 1/leukosis 1. asp. Penn State University. (2007). Calf management tips for cold weather. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //www. das. psu. edu/research-extension/dairy-digest/articles/dd 200712 -04 Southern Nevada Water Authority. (2011). Safe drinking water act. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //www. snwa. com/html/wq_sdwa. html. Squash Blossom Farm. (2009). Jersey Calves. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //squashblossomfarm. blogspot. com/2009/04/jersey-calves. html. The Free George. (2011). The fight for clean water: Agribiz vs. environmentalists. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //thefreegeorge. com/thefreegeorge/clean-water-agribiz-versus-environmentalists/. Traders City. (2009). Cow manure. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //www. traderscity. com/board/products-1/offers-to-sell-and-export-1/cow-manure-fertilizerexporters-indian-suppliers-79619/. UK Agriculture. (2011). http: //www. ukagriculture. com/livestock/calf_housing_health. cfm University of Minnesota Extension. (2011). Clean feeding utensils help keep calves healthy. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //www 1. extension. umn. edu/dairy/calves-and-heifers/clean-feeding-utensilshelp-keep-calves-healthy/index. html. USEPA. (2005). Ag 101: Dairy production. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //www. p 2 pays. org/ref/02/01244/www. epa. gov/agriculture/ag 101/printdairy. html.

Image References Walker, E. (2005). Feeding dairy calves. Walker, E. (2010). Riverdale barn. Welsh Lamb and Beef Producers. (2009). Welsh lamb & beef producers animal health plan. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http: //healthplan. wlbp. co. uk/wlbp/AHPInfo. aspx.