The Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook William B. Norton Co-Founder & Chief Technical Liaison Equinix, Inc. <wbn@equinix. com> Na. Me. X Member Meeting October 7, 2005 Rome, Italy
What is Equinix? • One of the largest Carrier-Neutral Colocation Providers in the world • Operate Dominant IXes in the U. S. (Ashburn Flagship IX) • 15 Internet Business Exchanges across U. S. and Asia (HK, TK, SG, SYD) • 200+ Networks across IBXes • ~50 Gbps aggregate traffic
6 yrs Internet Researcher • 90% externally focused • Document Internet Operations Practices – Interconnect/Peering/IXes/etc. • Research with the community – Write White Paper version M. m – Walk throughs & Feedback – Fix/Update Paper • 200 Walkthroughs later – a document reflecting community Internet Operations knowledge So far 10 White Papers
Internet Operations White Papers 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) “Interconnection Strategies for ISPs” “Internet Service Providers and Peering” “A Business Case for Peering” “The Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook” “The Peering Simulation Game” “Do ATM-based Internet Exchanges Make Sense Anymore? ” “Evolution of the U. S. Peering Ecosystem” “Asia Pacific Peering Guidebook” “A Business Case for Peering in 2004” “The Great Public vs. Private Peering Debate: Peering at 10 Gig” Freely available. See Web site or send e-mail to wbn@equinix. com Or Google for “William B. Norton” Myths…
Research “The Art of Peering” • Follow up to the first three white papers. Q: When e-mail to peering@<ispdomain>. net generates no response, what do Seasoned Peering Coordinators do? • Smartest Peering Coordinator: “Tricks of the Trade” • 20 Tactics successfully used to obtain Peering where you otherwise might not be able to. Disclaimer: These are NOT recommended tactics…I am simply documenting what has been successfully used in the field to obtain peering. Language. Graphical notation to describe the tactics
Graphical Notation of Tactics To Portray Peering Plays Pictorially… A P? =Peering Request w/ APC Peering Coordinator B ISP Initiator ISP Target B BPC P? Peering Negotiation ISP B ISP A Customers A P? T? =Transit Request To Sales Person Transit Negotiations Larger Circle=More Customer Prefixes Thicker Lines=More Traffic APC BPC T? APC T? APC $ BS
Transit and Peering Sessions T A A $ T $ B T=Established Transit Session (Selling Access to entire Internet) Size indicates effective size of transport Supporting the session B Represents “the rest of the Internet” P A B P A P=Established Peering Session (Reciprocal Access to each others customers) Size indicates effective size of transport Supporting the session B Graphical Display of Routing Announcements
Traffic over Transit and Peering Sessions T $ A A B T $ B P A B Traffic showed as directed lines Thickness of line indicates amount of Traffic in relevant direction Other Variations P->T = Transition of Relationship P | T = Either Peering or Transit apply = Traffic destined anywhere = Fictitious Traffic = Packet Loss ridden Traffic = Traffic destined to green network = Traffic destined to brown network
Other Graphical Symbols Peering Point Tied or with Exchange Point, Telco Hotel Indicates two or more Elements tied with relationship Indicates a ordering: a sequence to be followed in the Peering Tactic
1) The Direct Approach uses peering@<ispdomain>. net , phone calls, face to face meetings, or otherwise direct interactions with Peering Coordinators to establish peering. P? =Peering Request To Peering Coordinator(s) P? APC BPC P? Peering Negotiation APC BPC Leading to Peering Session {null} -or. P A B {“No”, null}
2) The Transit with Peering Migration tactic leverages an internal advocate to buy transit with a contractual migration to peering at a later time. T? T->P? $ BS APC $ APC BS+BPC T? APC $ BS Transit Negotiations with Sales leads to Peering (…if peering prerequisites be met…) A T->P $ B P A B
3) The End Run Tactic minimizes the need for transit by enticing a direct relationship with the target ISP’s largest traffic volume customers. T? /P? APC $ B T? /P?
6) Paid Peering as a maneuver is positioned by some as a stepping stone to peering for those who don’t immediately meet the peering prerequisites. P A $ B P A B
7) In the Partial Transit tactic, the routes learned at an exchange point are exchanged with the peer for a price slightly higher than transport costs. C A pt D E G H $ B I Peering Point M Geographically Remote Router F J L K Routing Announcements Forwarding all customer & Peering Pt Routes (almost peering – maybe costs less)
8) The Chicken tactic involves de-peering in order to make the other peer adjust the relationship. P A T B X $ $ A or B T T $ Y P A B Who will blink first? A<->B Traffic has to go somewhere
http: //66. 249. 93. 104/search? q=cache: NOS 3 HJh. X 9 jc. J: www. merit. edu/mail. archives/nanog/msg 11606. htm l+level 3+network+status+cogent&hl=it
Example occurred on Wednesday!
What tactic is this?
http: //scoreboard. keynote. com/scoreboard/Main. aspx? Destination=Level 3
http: //www. merit. edu/mail. archives/nanog/msg 12221. html
The Nature of Web Traffic • Asymmetric Traffic Client (Browser, Peer 2 peer client) Small Requests Generate Large Responses Service (Web Server, Peer 2 peer client)
9) In the Traffic Manipulation tactic, ISPs or content players force traffic along the network path that makes peering appear most cost effective. $ L T T P B A T CH ISP i. e. Yahoo! T $ $ G $ L T P A B T T $ $ G B hears A’s route A forces traffic ‘for free’ through Peer L Over B’s transit P P? APC T BPC T $ $ G 1 MONTH LATER Contact PC-We should Peer!
9 b) For Access Heavy Guys…In the Traffic Manipulation tactic, Access ISP a) stop announcing routes, or b) insert Target AS# into announcement to trigger BGP Loop Suppression to force traffic along the network path that makes peering appear most cost effective. $ L $ L T T P P P? BPC APC B A T $ T Access ISP $ G i. e. Verizon T T $ $ G B hears A’s route A forces traffic ‘for free’ through Peer L Over B’s transit T T $ $ G 1 MONTH LATER Contact PC-We should Peer!
10) The Bluff maneuver is simply overstating future traffic volumes or performance issues to make peering appear more attractive. P? A B Overstating Traffic Futures “You better peer with me now cause… P G L $ T A $ T Fictitious Performance Problems B Lots of transit fees coming otherwise!”
11) The Wide Scale Open Peering Policy as a tactic signals to the Peering Coordinator Community the willingness to peer and therefore increases the likelihood of being contacted for peering by other ISPs. P? APC To anyone who will listen! From the highest mountain “We will Peer with Anyone!”
12) The Massive Colo Build tactic seeks to meet the collocation prerequisites of as many ISPs as possible by building POPs into as many exchange points as possible. C M Eastern Pacific IX Time. Zone IX A A A IX IX IX A A IX IX A A “Meet us in 3 Time Zones”
14) Friendship-based Peering leverages contacts in the industry to speed along and obtain peering where the process may not be in place for a peering. P? APC BPC Forums to meet Peering Coordinators GPF NANOG APRICOT RIPE IETF :
15) The Spam Peering Requests tactic is a specific case of the Wide Scale Open Peering tactic using the exchange point contact lists to initiate peering. P? APC IX Participants List : :
17) Purchasing Legacy Peering provides an immediate set of peering partners. A P G U A P P A Purchases G and P P GA U A B Legacy (early Internet day) Peering P PA B
19) The False Peering Outage tactic involves deceiving an ill -equipped NOC into believing a non-existing peering session is down. ANOC X Peering Point BNOC ANOC: Hey – Emergency! ANOC: Our Peering Session with you Went Down! BNOC: Strange. <looks on router> I don’t see it configured. ANOC: It was. Don’t make me escalate to <famous person> BNOC: Ah – I bet is was that last config run that trashed it. BNOC: Give me a few minutes to fix it on both ends.
20) The Leverage Broader Business Arrangement takes advantage of other aspects of the relationship between two companies to obtain peering in exchange for something else. P? APC BS P P? APC BS A B Tied with A B Other Peering Tied with “Other” +Fiber deal +Dial-in deal +Racks +Transport +Strategic deal :
Summary • These are the “Tricks of the Trade” • Comments/Additions welcome ! • Copies of the “Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook” are freely available – Send e-mail to wbn@equinix. com or – Most white papers (except this one) are on-line at http: //www. equinix. com/ – Or <google search “William B. Norton”>
Some differences between European and U. S. Model Internet Exchange European IXes U. S. IXes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Are Non-Profit Associations Have “Members” Run best quality Switches Are Colo-Neutral: Some University Grade Colo Member Meetings and Voting on changes to policies and fees Fixed contracts and fees Modest Capital and Operating Budget Low Price 24/7 on-call support 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Are Commercial Corporations Have “Customers” Run best quality Switches Own Financial/Commercial Grade Colo infrastructure Follow interests of Customers, Stockholders, Employees Negotiable Contracts and fees Large Capital and Operating Budget High(er) Price 24/7 on-site support w/backup processes
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