The 7 PERSPECTIVES of Psychology
The Birth of Psychology • Wilhelm Wundt - 1879 University of Leipzig Psychology’s first experiment, birth of a science – Established first psychology lab – Introspection (looking inward) Edward Titchener – Brought psych to U. S. – Margaret Floy Washburn-first woman to earn Psych Ph. D (barred from experimental psych) – •
Structuralism Wundt, Titchener, Hall (founder & first president of APA) Uses introspection to explore the structural elements of the mind – Break down mental processes into most basic parts – Strengths • first major school of thought in psych • Influenced experimental psych – Weaknesses • Experiments too subjective (unreliable results) • Too concerned with internal behavior which is not observable or measured accurately – •
Functionalism • • • A reaction to structuralism Sought to explain how our mental & behavioral processes function – How do they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish? – Focused on purpose of behavior William James influenced by Darwin – First professor of psych at Harvard – What’s the purpose of behavior? – Educated Mary Calkins – first woman president of APA • Today 2/3 of psych Ph. Ds are
The 7 Perspectives • • Biological Behavioral Cognitive Evolutionary Humanistic Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Sociocultural
Why do we behave, think, feel, and experience sensations like we do? • 7 different perspectives (aka approaches & schools of thought) to explain this
Perspective 1: • Seeks to understand: – The interaction between anatomy (brain/ nervous system) AND behavior How the body & brain enable emotions, memories, & sensory experiences – What parts of the brain are involved in certain behaviors Main idea: What affects your body affects your behavior – Ex: you drank an energy drink before you entered class & are bouncing off the walls – Ex: neurotransmitters=depression, insomnia… – Ex: tumor on Amygdala=punch – • BIOLOGICAL
Perspective 2: • • EVOLUTIONARY Behavior can be best explained in terms of how adaptive that behavior is to our survival – We behave the way we do because we inherited those traits & behaviors – Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival – This process selects physical and behavioral characteristics to promote survival Natural Selection: we have evolved into our present states over long periods of time Ex: you are afraid of spiders because your ancestors were & helped them survive Key Person: Charles Darwin!!!
Classical & Operant Conditioning
Perspective 3: • COGNITIVE In order to understand someone’s behavior, we must understand how they think – Importance of how our mind sees, processes, stores, and remembers information – How does our interpretation of a situation affect our thinking, reactions, behavior? – EX: trying to change friend’s mind about abusive boyfriend – Key person: Jean Piaget
Perspective 4: • • • BEHAVIORAL Argue psychology is the study of observable behavior – Behavior is determined by your environment & experience not genetics – The mind & mental events are not important b/c they can’t be observed (feelings don’t matter) Main idea: Everything is trained & learned, nothing is born – EX: you are afraid of spiders – To change behavior you must be reconditioned Key people: Watson, Skinner, Pavlov
Perspective 5: • • HUMANISTIC Argue that humans have unique qualities of behavior different from other animals – Free will & potential for personal growth guide behavior & mental processes – Emphasize the importance of feelings, love, & acceptance – view human nature as positive – Focus on how our environment influences our growth potential & need for love and acceptance – Self-actualization-process of fulfilling your potential Key People: Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers
Perspective 6: • • SOCIOCULTURAL Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are dictated by the culture you live in – must be taken into account when trying to understand, predict, or control behavior – EX: Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some bow, some shake hands What does our society/culture value?
Perspective 7: Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic • – – • The interaction between the conscious and unconscious (mental process that we do not normally have access to but are influenced by) shape behavior Stresses the importance of childhood experiences to the development of personality Focus is to resolve unconscious conflicts through uncovering info that has been repressed (buried in unconscious) Defense Mechanisms: distorting reality to reduce anxiety (displacement, repression, displacement…) Id, ego, superego EX: A man cannot form relationships with others b/c he was beaten as a child, causing a fear of getting close to others
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