The 1970 s Ch 24 -26 Nixon as

The 1970’s Ch 24 -26

Nixon as President • New Federalism: Distribution of Federal Power to the states – Increases SS, Medicare and Medicaid – Attempts to dismantle other social programs • Family Assistance Plan (FAP)

Nixon’s Southern Strategy • Tries to attract Southern Dems • Slows down integration – Opposed busing – Violates Brown v Board of Education • Ordered by Supreme Court to follow the ruling • Tries to turn back the Civil Rights Act of 1965 – Congress extends it anyway

Other Problems • Stagflation: High inflation and Unemployment – Due to: – Vietnam policy • Johnson spent too much – O. P. E. C. is formed (1973) • Embargos oil to the US due to the Yom Kippur War

Foreign Affairs • Nixon’s (good) legacy • Realpolitik – Base foreign policy on power not morals or idealism • 1972 Nixon visits China as part of détente policy • S. A. L. T Talks in Moscow – S. A. L. T 1 Treaty (5 yr. agreement)

Watergate • Nixon cared little for executive checks, tended to skirt around Congress • Group of advisors (The President’s Men) seemed above the law • Break into DNC during 1972 election • Cover up begins immediately

• Nixon declares his staff has nothing to do with it • Scandal unfolds in ’ 73 • 2 Washington Post reporters break the story – Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein • Nixon refuses to cooperate – Nixon Tapes have holes • Nixon forced to resign (8 -9 -74)

Aftermath • Nixon leaves defiantly, never admitting any guilt • 25 Members of Nixon’s staff serve jail time • Gerald Ford is the new President – Almost immediately pardons Nixon of any possible crimes • Public disillusionment with the Presidency is at an all time high

Haldemann Dean Erlichmann

Ford’s Presidency • Whip Inflation Now (WIN) – Went through worst recession in 40 years • Uses the veto 50 times in 2 years • Tries to extend Vietnam, denied by Congress • Signs Helsinki Accords

Carter’s Presidency • Promises to restore honor to the office • Has regular radio “chats” • Too dependant on foreign oil • Removes price controls on domestic oil • National Energy Act – Taxes gas-guzzling cars

Major Problems • Inflation up from 7. 6% to 11. 3% in 1979 • Scattered attempts to end inflation • By 1980 inflation at 14% • Standard of living • Popularity slipping rapidly

• Excellent Civil Rights Record • Promoted Human Rights around the world – Cuts relations with countries that treat their own citizens badly-boycotts 1980 Summer Olympics – Bureau of Human Rights • Signs Panama-Canal Treaty • Gains many critics • S. A. L. T. 2 Agreement (1979)

• Camp David Accords (1978) – First signed Peace Agreement between Israel and an Arab Country • Iran hostage Crisis (11/4/1979) – Held 444 days – Not released until after Reagan is sworn in

Environmentalism • Begins in 1960’s with Silent Spring • First Earth Day 4/22/70 • EPA is created • Clean Air Act 1970 • Three Mile Island 3/28/79

The 1970’s Ch 24 -25

Major Events • Major economic probs –Vietnam eating up billions • American Indian Movement –Occupation of Alcatraz (1969 -71) and Wounded Knee (1973)

• Hispanic Movement recognized (UFW) • Counterculture movement –New Spiritualism –Disillusionment • First Earth Day • EPA, OSHA set up • Nixon visits China

Moscow Summit • S. A. L. T. I –Limit production of nuclear arms –Crucial first step in ending arms race

Oil Problems • O. P. E. C. is formed (1973) –Embargo on oil to U. S. –Alaska Pipeline Act –Ends in 1974

Watergate • Break in during 1972 election • Nixon declares his staff has nothing to do with it • Scandal unfolds in ’ 73 • Nixon forced to resign (8 -9 -74)

• Ford pardons Nixon • Gives amnesty to draft dodgers • Huge Bicentennial celebration

Women • 12% in 1950 had jobs, 40% by end of 1970’s • Women’s roles change –Had to have a job • Divorce rates skyrocket • Fewer children

• Feminist movement • National Organization for Women • Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique –Need fulfillment other than marriage

Carter • Energy Crisis 1979 • Hostage Crisis 1979 –Carter allowed Shah to come to U. S. –Blamed for lots of stuff out of his control

The Conservative Tide Ch 25 Notes

Conservative Movement • Tired of Entitlement Programs • The New Right – Focused on Social Issues • Conservative Coalition – Business leaders, Christian groups, etc… • The Moral Majority – Absolute right and Wrong

Reagan’s Election • Former Actor • An original New Deal Democrat – “The party left him” • Governor of CA for two terms • Known as the Great Communicator • Wins the election with 51% of the vote, but wins 44 states

Reagan’s Presidency • Reduce Federal Government • National debt doubles • “Reaganomics” – Supply side economics – Tax cuts=more money to spend • Strategic Defense Initiative – Nicknamed “Star Wars”

Courts • Appoints First Female Supreme Court Justice – Sandra Day O’Connor • William Rehnquist as Chief Justice • Court becomes very Conservative

’ 84 Election • Reagan v. s. Mondale – Geraldine Ferraro is first woman vicepresidential candidate • Reagan wins by a landslide • Win every state except MN • Bush wins in ’ 88 building on the legacy of Reagan

Social Issues • AIDS – Gains wide notoriety in early ’ 80’s – Seen as a homosexual Male disease, or with drug users • Abortion – Pro-life vs. Pro-choice – 1989 Ruled states could put restrictions on when an abortion could occur

• Education – US well behind : “A Nation At Risk” – 23 million could not fill out an application correctly • Urban crises – Money was leaving the cities for the suburbs – Left minorities and undereducated in high unemployment cities that were falling apart. – Rodney King “Incident”--1992 – Drug Abuse Rampant (Just say No!)

Equal Rights Struggles Continue • Women: – Elizabeth Dole & Margaret Heckler (cabinet) – Losses: Equal Rights Amendment fails – Push for Pay Equity • African-Americans: Mayors running several cities. – L. Douglas Wilder is first A-A Governor (1990) – Jesse Jackson first serious Presidential candidate (1984 & 88)

Dole Heckler

• Affirmative-action is scaled back • Latinos: Largest growing group. – Tony Anaya, Robert Martinez (Florida) First governors (New Mexico) – Laura Cavazos Sec. of Ed. – Antonia Coello Novello Surgeon General

Robert Martinez

Gay Rights Movement • Civil Rights push in the 1970’s • Set backs in the 1980’s due to AIDS and Conservatism • Revived in the late 1980’s getting laws passed to end homosexual discrimination

Foreign Policy • Cold War ends – Gorbachev initiates glasnost (openness) – Perestroika or restructuring of society, less government control, allowing some private ownership – INF Treaties with US – 12/91 14 Republics declare independence from Russia

• First Free elections in 1993 • Eastern Europe and Germany become independent • 11/9/89 Berlin Wall opened • Communism begins falling in China – Tiananmen Square (4/89) • Nicaragua problems – Sandinistas and Contras

Iran-Contra Scandal • Reagan announces that he will not deal with Terrorists, then sells arms to Iran to release American Hostages • Profits from arms sales went to the Contras • Several cabinet members went on trial for the cover up.

Gulf War (1991) • Iraq had invaded Kuwait and threatened Saudi Arabia • Bush puts together a coalition and liberates Kuwait in a little over 1 month • January 16, 1991 -February 28, 1991

Culture of the 80’s Early 90’s

The US in Today’s World Ch 26 Test Notes

Bill Clinton • First Baby-boomer President • 1992 was a recession year • Bush lost support • Clinton wins with a center of the road strategy • Creates a “new” democrat

Presidency • Health Care Reform – Affordable for all citizens • Welfare Reform – Limits how long one is on it • Economic Boom – Surplus for first time in 30 years

Rising Terrorism • Twin Towers in 1993 • Oklahoma City 1995 • Attacks around the world • Twin Towers and the Pentagon on 9/11/01

Policy Shifts • Attempting good relations with Russia and China • Try to end conflicts around the Globe – Haiti, Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbia, Somalia,

• NAFTA – Free trade between US, Canada, and Mexico • GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade) – 1994

Impeachment • Republicans control congress • Past catches up to Clinton – Whitewater Scandal (Kenneth Starr) – Alleged affairs (Lewinsky, Flowers) – Lying under oath – Charged w/obstruction of Justice and perjury

– House of Reps vote to impeach – Senate fails to convict – Clinton apologizes – Hurts his last two years as President

High Tech Boom • The beginning of the “dotcoms” • Microsoft, AOL, etc… • Sends tech stocks through the roof – Becomes overvalued and eventually drops – Created a number of new businesses

2000 Election • Al Gore vs. George W. Bush • Disputes in Florida – Went back and forth as to who won – Recount ordered, then stopped by Supreme Court – Disputes about vote counting – Bush is declared the winner 12/12

• The Internet is streamlined • Communications Revolution Popularized through colleges and Universities • Any types of media are now accessed at any time by anyone with a computer

Science Advances • Development of AI – Computers defeating the World Chess Champ • Biotechnology – Genetic engineering – Cancer survival rates up, etc…

America Changes • Getting older (Baby Boomers) • Left the cities • Rebuilding the inner cities • Immigrant changes – Prop 187