The 1960 s Your terms are

The 1960 s…

Your terms are due on Wednesday. You must email me your terms Wednesday morning by 7 am ALSO your last study guide is due Weds. But first… In your email header you will write your name, class period, and question numbers that you were assigned. Krallk@sgasd. org Also, if you missing days make sure you check the website daily. Assignments are still due whether you are here or not!

Through PPTs, your textbook, and handouts you will answer the three Essential questions located in this powerpoint. Today’s activity You will write a thesis statement for each and explain THREE key evidence points to defend your argument.

Essential Question #1: To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic & foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the 1950 s?

Essential Question #2: To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda?

Kennedy & the New Frontier

But, it was Frontier JFK’s New not the 1 st time TV influenced politics… Eisenhower used Mc. Carthy was destroyed by TV in the Army-Senate TV to campaign hearings in 1952 & 1956 The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1 to TV to Nixon used to use TV debates: TN Senator Kefauver defend Nixon was much better known but the TV debates helped swing himself in the used TV to investigate undecided voters towards “Checkers” speech JFK organized crime st 1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates

The JFK era began “Camelot” comparisons Kennedy’ administration reflected youth, energy, & sharp break with JFK as a modern-day Lancelot from Eisenhower JFK promised a New Frontier: Domestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rights A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union & winning the Cold War JFK’s New Frontier

…the extension of Social Security… …and An increase in the medical insurance …unemployment for the minimum wage elderly were all benefits… shot down by Congress Increased funds for public liberal policies: JFK’s New Frontier promised a return of FDR-erahousing Aid for public schools… But, Conservatives in Congress opposed JFK’s social reforms in education & health care Congress did help the poor The modernization of industry, gov’t spending, & a major tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs JFK’s New Frontier

JFK’s New Frontier JFK appointed tough, pragmatic, & academic “New Frontiersmen” to his staff One long-lasting achievement of the JFK-era was strengthening the presidency: Kennedy referred his staff, but JFK demanded more to his staff as Eisenhower left many decisions to direct the “the best & the brightest” presidential control JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from the cabinet to his White House staff

Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War

Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War Addressing U. S. foreign policy & containing Communism was JFK’s top priority as president: JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the Cold War could have been won JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U. S. defenses Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival & success of liberty. We will do this & more. ” —JFK’s inaugural address

Flexible Response JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems: JFK was convinced that the USSR had more Increased really the U. S. had the lead with Polaris missiles, butnuclear arsenal to 1, 000 ICBMs & 32 help subs to create a To“combatcapability first-strike” Communism & to 600 B-52 s, the army & air force JFK created the Increased 2 countries, underdeveloped. Polaris subs, 2, 000 warheads Peace Expanded covertthe Alliance for. Green Berets Corps & operations & created the Progress

The Apollo Program The Space Race JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon: JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U. S. would get to the moon by 1970 The U. S. landed a man on the moon in 1969

JFK’s 1 st confrontation with the Soviet Union came in Berlin: Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers from East Germany to West Berlin The USSR threatened to remove all U. S. influence from West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961 Crisis over Berlin

“Ich bin ein Berliner” —JFK, 1963

Containment in Vietnam proved to be a tough test: Since 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained popularity in “Strongly in our mind is what happened in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the South China U. S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Diem The at the end of World War II, where When was control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a China. Diem lost. We don’t want that. ” coup against Diem in 1963 —JFK

Vietnam Viet Minh are Vietnamese communists in North Vietnam Viet Cong are Vietnamese communists in South Vietnam

Monk Quang Duc protested Diem’s treatment of Buddhists

Containing Castro: Bay of Pigs Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959 & developed ties with Russia JFK blamed the Republicans for allowing a “communist satellite” to arise on “our very doorstep” The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of Castro In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the Bay of Pigs invasion

The invasion called for U. S. air support but JFK canceled the air strike; without air support, Castro squashed the invasion Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure of Bay of Pigs, but did not apologize for coup

Cuban Missile short range 24 medium-range & 18 Crisis ICBMs To protect Cuba from another U. S. invasion, the USSR began a secret build-up of nuclear missiles On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile camps How would the U. S. respond? Immediate air strike? Full-scale invasion? Kennedy chose to “quarantine” Cuba to keep new missiles out & an Diplomacy: trade nukes in Naval invasion of blockade to Cuba if the USSR did Cuba for nukes in Turkey? not remove its nukes keep warheads out?

Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to The Cuban Missile Crisis "We missiles outto eyeball, and thethe are eyeball & demanded that keep more otherthe missilesblinked. "in Cuba fellow just already Soviets remove —Sec of State, Dean Rusk

Cuban And…U. S. Crisis of Missile removal nuclear weapons in Turkey “Our most basic common link is the fact that The standoff ended when Russia removed its we all. USA vowed to never invade Cuba all Cuban missiles & breathe the inhabit this planet. We same air. We allcrisis: The impact of the cherish our children’s future. We victory for JFK Seen as a politicalare all mortal. ” Installed a “hot line” to improve US-Soviet communications —JFK This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from confrontation to negotiation

"Let Us Continue" On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK the greatest VP Lyndon LBJ helped push through was assassinated & array of Johnson became president: liberalwas a master politician with a reputation for getting results legislation in U. S. history (“Great LBJ Society”), surpassing FDR’s agenda Deal LBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal New LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic & racial equality

Americans were stunned this rapid succession of events

• • • Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 & as President in 1860 He was directly concerned with Civil Rights Lincoln was shot in the head in front of his wife on a Friday Lincoln shot in the Ford Theatre The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was known by three names of 15 letters Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a warehouse (barn) Booth was killed before being brought to trial There were theories that Booth was part of a greater conspiracy Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, born in 1808 • • • Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946 & as President in 1960 He was directly concerned with Civil Rights Kennedy was shot in the head in front of his wife on a Friday Kennedy shot in a Lincoln (Ford) The assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was known by three names of 15 letters Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theater Oswald was killed before being brought to trial There were theories that Oswald was part of a greater conspiracy Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Johnson, born in 1908

Lyndon Johnson in Action The most significant legislation on race since the Reconstruction Amendments LBJ quickly pushed through Congress 2 key “Kennedy” bills: A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased consumer spending & new jobs The Civil Rights Act of 1964 that declared segregation in public facilities illegal & protected black voting rights

Lyndon Johnson in Action In 1964, the U. S. had 35 millionfor high school dropouts poor people Created the Job Corps In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on poverty in America” & created the Office of Economic Opportunity: Head Start for preschoolers Adult education & technical training opportunities As a result, America had 10 million fewer poor people by 1970

The Election of 1964 In 1964, LBJ ran against: Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stance Segregationist George Wallace LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of Congress for 1 st time in 25 years

The “Daisy” Campaign Spot http: //www. livingroomcandidat e. org/commercials/1964/peacelittle-girl-daisy

The Great Society Once elected, LBJ initiated his “Great Society” domestic agenda: Medicare & Medicaid extended health insurance to the elderly & the poor Extended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schools The Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests & provided for federal registrars for polls

The Triumph of Reform By 1965, Congress passed 89 laws or reforms as part of LBJ’s social agenda: The Great Society was the most comprehensive agenda of social reform since FDR But…the American people did not respond well to LBJ Soon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidency

Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

Waram not going to lose Vietnam. I am “I not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went. ” —LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too: He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the Dominican Republic LBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards Vietnam But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from Congress, the media, & universities

LBJ Escalates the Vietnam War During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS Maddox The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to: Defend Vietnam at any cost Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion

The Vietnam War

LBJ’s advisors wanted 100, 000 troops in 1965 & a plan for 100, 000 more in 1966; Estimations were 500 U. S. deaths per month 1965 marked the beginning of full-scale U. S. involvement in Vietnam LBJ was informed that “without U. S. action, defeat is inevitable” LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam & requested 50, 000 U. S. soldiers sent to Asia LBJ never explained to the American people how the gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam LBJ took middle road of limited U. S. Escalation intervention: not a withdrawal & not a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam

Stalemate By 1968, 500, 000 U. S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communism U. S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were ineffective Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North Vietnam Reckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civilians The bloody stalemate & media depiction of the war led to protests

Image of the “My Lai Massacre, ” 1968

Conclusions The early 1960 s under JFK represented consumer spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at home The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society) But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the onset of the counter-culture movement by 1968

1968: Year in pictures and video