That light we see is burning in my

“That light we see is burning in my hall. How far that little candle throws his beams!” Portia, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene 1

Those who can, do Those who don’t do, teach Those who don’t teach, think. Dbeau, 2007

Mountain Ranges caused by Plate Collisions: Ancient (blue) From Blakey Modern (orange) South Africa Colored Lines (Mountains) on Continents locate areas of possible Metallic Ores

60 to 90 Miles Continental Crust up to 50 miles thick st ic Cru y Ocean den b ver rid tal Crust O n ontine C

Next: Iron Ores around Lake Superior

Oldest Rocks of North America Wi llia ms on & Lla no Co ’s Two Pre-Cambrian Mountain Ranges Oldest Yo un ge st Iron Ore Eroded Grenville Mountains At the surface Llano “window”, TX Adirondacks, NY

Iron Ore: Minnesota and Upper Michigan Lake Superior What moves the Continents?

Mantle Convection Cells Moving Crustal Plates d Coo e ool C led Heated

Complex Shape of Mantle Convection Cells

Crustal Plates nt Co st ru Oceanic Crust en in l. C ta What did “moon” rock did Stephen buy one dark night in Calgary?

Geology in the News

Tight Gas Rocks Geology in the News USA Haynesville gas shale: Barnett gas shale: USGS est. 30 Trillion Drill depth 13 to 17, 000 ft Current est. 6 Trillion Well cost $6. 5 to $8. 5 million $24, 000 pdeb = $15. 00/gal And now to Session 4

Senior University Fall 2008 Session 4 Last Week: The Iron Age: 1, 400 to 750 BC The “Roman” Age: 750 BC to 750 AD Out of the Flood Plains and into the Hills

Division of Historic Time Silicon Age Modern Age Steam Age 1950 to Present 1900 to 1950 1830 to 1950 Industrial Age Renaissance Middle Ages 1700 to 1830 1450 to 1700 470 to 1450 Roman Age 750 BC to 470 AD Iron Age Bronze Age 1400 to 750 BC 3300 to 1400 Copper Age 3300 to 3000 Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10, 000 to 3000

Historic Geologic Time 21 st Century: Russian Iron Coal & Oil vs USA Coal USA Iron Coal & Oil Silicon Age 1950 to Present Europe Iron & Coal Modern Age Steam Age 1900 to 1950 1830 to 1950 European Metals vs Asian Metals & Hordes Industrial Age Renaissance Middle Ages 1700 to 1830 1450 to 1700 470 to 1450 Iron Empires Now a Quick Review Roman Age Farms vs Iron (hills) Iron Age Bronze Age Six Farm Empires 750 BC to 470 AD 1400 to 750 3300 to 1400 Hills vs Plains Tribes Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10, 000 to 3000

Review: Humanid Sites: 1 million to 10, 000 ybp Last Co ntinent al Glaci er 110, 00 0 to 10 , 000 yb p Yellow Yangtze Indu s s riis es es Tiig hrat T rat ph p Eu E Remember the Stone Age? Gang es Niile N e From: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins Favorable Rivers: Near but not too near the Melting Glacier

En Ice d of Ag Las t e The Stone Age: A Review 0 , 00 10 ars Ye 0 , 00 s 5 ar Ye 30 y e 00 ar s Stone Age: Review: Topography & Soils = Tribal Areas Stone Age and Different Stories AD BC 07 20 Stone Age: Review: Stone Tools and Weapons Clay building bricks & pottery Stone building blocks First Geologists: No Record A Summary of the Bronze Age

0 , 00 10 ars Ye Stone Age 0 , 00 s 5 ar Ye 30 y e 00 ar s En Ice d of Ag Las t e The Bronze Age: 3300 to 1400 BC Bronze Age: BC 07 20 AD Bronze & Tin Weapons=Copper. Hinduism mixture Tools and Confucianism Territorial Conquests=Powerful Nations The Bronze Age of 3 Major Religions Judaism Advent 3300 to 1300 BC International Trade Routes Christianity Islam Where did Bronze Age Nations Flourish? Buddhism

Six Early Major Civilizations: In the Six Major River Flood Plains Tigris Euphrates Yellow Yangtze Indus Nile Ganges From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Egypt a Classic Example

Nile From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

10 00 20 00 30 00 The Bronze Age 3300 to 1300 BC: Egypt Bronze Age Iron Egypt Bronze = Copper and Tin or Arsenic Where did Egypt get Copper and Tin? From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991

Possible sources for Copper and Tin Tin Phoenician Empire: 800 to 270 BC Copper a Trading Nation Tin Copper Egypt

Phoenician Empire: 800 to 270 BC Southern Spain Let’s look at southern Spain National Geographic, Dec. 2007

Southern Spain: Mineral Resources Copper And lead, silver, zinc, mercury, etc Phoenicians in northwest Africa

Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa National Geographic, Dec. 2007

Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa Copper, Iron, Lead & Zinc! Now a detail map of northwest Africa

Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa Copper, Iron, Lead Iron Age Now back to Egypt in the& Zinc!

Egypt Iron Age 1400 to 750 10 00 20 00 30 00 Bronze Age 3300 to 1400 BC Iron Observation: Ready sourse of Iron equips armies for conquest!! Iron see what happened Iron: Let’s. Age Egypt had a domestic source ofin the Iron Age Egypt: A Major Bronze Age Civilization Iron=better tools and weapons than Bronze in in the Weapons: Egypt Conquers nearby Lands Arabian Gulf river flood plain Iron=Superior Flood plain of the Nile River From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991 From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

Early Civilization Arabian Gulf The Tigris & Euphrates Flood Plain Tigris Euphrates Yellow Yangtze Indus Nile Ganges From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

The Fertile Crescent & Ancient Trade Routes Tigris Euphrates From: Aramco Handbook, 1968

Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain: (Iraq) Site of Bronze Age Sumarian Nation From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

Note: No metals in Iraq or Iran! But look here in Turkey What’s going to happen as we go into Who. Iron Age? iron weapons? the has the Either Sumeria will move into Turkey Sumerian Empire, 1700 BC or the Arabian Gulf Earliest in. Turks (Hittites) will move south and conquer Sumeria. From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

Arabian Gulf Nations Bronze and Early Iron Ages Iron Age in the Middle East: Time of constant competition between iron rich nations: Egypt, Turkey, and Arabia Assyria

Example: Assyrian Empire Late Iron Age 700 BC Out of the Floodplain to acquire the Iron of Turkey & Egypt

07 20 30 00 ars Ye 00 5, 0 ye ar s The Middle East and Egypt Late Iron Age Bronze Age Iron Roman Assyrian Empire 700 BC Incorporating River Floodplains with nearby “hills” where there are metals

Median & Chaldean Empire 6 th Century BC (Late “Iron Age”) Iron!!! Flood Plains Next: The Persian Empire: Greece to India: 5 th Century

Greece Egypt Persia India Persian Empire: 5 th Century From the hills of Iran to Greece Egypt and to India! Later Conquered by the Greeks

Stone Age ye ar s 07 20 30 00 5, 00 0 Y ea rs Summary: Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain Bronze Age Iron Roman Assyrian Empire 700 BC Median & Chaldean Empire 600 BC Persian Empire 500 BC Remember India? Hill country Iron floodplain Empire

With Iron; Small eastern “State” Conquers all of India and Beyond!!! Earliest Finally, back to China Latest

Where were the early Chinese Civilizations? In the flood plains From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

Flood Plains of China Topography From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Natural Resources From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Remember the Map of the Metallic Ores immediately adjacent to flood plains

Major Rivers of China Natural Resources Map China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC Mid-Iron Age From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC Mid-Iron Age Note: The Great Wall Mongolia China: late Iron (Roman) Age A Yellow and Yangtze river Dynasty

China 220 to 206 BC Late Iron (Roman) Age What can we surmise about the state of Geology in the civilized world during the Bronze and Iron ages?

State of Geology in the Bronze and Iron Ages 1. Worldwide use in mined metal ores 2. Worldwide use in stone quarrying and pottery clay digging 3. Knowledge developed by craftsmen Back to Europe in the everywhere!!! Iron (Roman) Age mid & late 4. No significant written records!! It’s out of the flood plains and Only the historical record of armies and into the hillsweapons iron is located their metal where the

Division of Historic Time Silicon Age Modern Age Steam Age 1950 to Present 1900 to 1950 1830 to 1950 Greece is the first major Industrial Country to 1830 1700 Empire “Hill”Age Renaissance 1450 to 1700 Middle Ages Iron Age dbeau 470 to 1450 Two Hill Country Empires Roman Age 750 BC to 470 AD Flood Plains vs Hills to 750 BC Iron Age 1400 Bronze Age 3300 to 1400 Copper Age 3300 to 3000 Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10, 000 to 3000

0 , 00 10 ars Ye Stone Age 0 , 00 s 5 ar Ye 30 y e 00 ar s En Ice d of Ag Las t e The Greek Empire: 330 to 146 BC Iron Age 1400 to 750 BC 07 20 Bronze Greek Empire 330 to 146 BC Greek Empire created with Iron

Greek Empire: 600 BC Geologic Observations by Greek Thinkers National Geographic, Dec. 2007

Geologic Observations by Greek Thinkers Aristotle: 384 to 322 BC Fossil fish on mountains Erosion and Deposition Empedocles and Pliny: Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes “Scientific Method”: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Theophrastus: First Geology Textbook? , “On Stones”

Geologic Observations by Greek Thinkers Theophrastus: Text, “On Stones” Workman’s Views on Origin of Stones and Minerals Identification of Minerals: Same physical properties we use today

Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers Danube A small “hill-country” nation conquers Indus River three ancient river flood plain empires And acquires all the metallic ores Nile River in the Nearby Hills

Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers Three river flood plains of ancient Civilizations!! Greece How & Where did it all start?

Ancient Greece: Natural Resources & Topography Let’s focus on The natural Metallic ores of Greece Danube River Greece of the Greek Empire

Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC Greek Now to the Roman Empire 146 BC to 476 Greece Metals in Ancient AD

0 , 00 10 ars Ye Stone Age 0 , 00 s 5 ar Ye 30 y e 00 ar s En Ice d of Ag Las t e Roman Empire: 146 BC to 478 AD Bronze Greek Empire 330 to 146 BC Iron Age 1400 to 750 BC 07 20 Dbeau Iron Age Roman Empire 146 BC to 476 AD Where was the Roman Empire?

Roman Empire Where did it all start? Extended from England & Spain through Egypt to Iraq Controlled vast mineral resources as well as huge populations National Geographic, Dec. 2007

Roman Empire: Getting Started Iron Po River Flood plain First Roman Expansion

The Growth of the Roman Empire 218 BC Detail Map Greek of Sardinia Empi re Why did Rome annex Sardinia?

Roman Iron Sardinia: Natural Metallic Resources Next Expansion: Greece Defeated

The Growth of the Roman Empire 100 BC (end Greek Empire 146 BC) Detail Map of Southern Spain Acquiring Metals in Spain, North Africa, and Turkey for Tools and Weapons of War

Spain in the Roman Empire Iron Copper Iron Lead & Zinc Iron More Expansion: France

Defeated the Greeks Acquired Metals in Spain & in France All the way to the Rhine! What next? Roman Empire: Caesar BC

Acquiring Metals in Egypt Agustus BC And

Roman Empire: Claudius BC Acquired England, Wales, Turkey & Egypt with their natural resources Now, Let’s assemble today’s Europe & see how Natural Resources of Iron, Coal & Oil were created

Last Week: 300 Million Years Ago No America Colliding with So America & Africa ed to ope t nnec d Eur o ns c ica an a lachi in Afr Appa tains n Mou n rther No e urop ace E Texas “Appalachian” Mountains Furn ian lach ppa A 30 Million Years Later So ut h Am er ica Af ric a n uther So e urop E

ea ea ga ga an an t: : P t P en en tiin tn on on r. C pe pe Su Su Last Week: Creation of Super Continent Pangaea Greenland 270 million years ago (MYA) West Texas Permian Basin Northern Europe ce chian Furna ala hing of App Final Crus Africa Southern Europe And on the Flanks of the Mountains South America

Origin of the Coals of Pennsylvania, England, & Germany e Shal et Barn s Coal Swamp ace urn n. F chia a ans ipal lach Appa. Ap A Closer Look at Early Europe

Northern Europe: 270 Million Years Ago S ca nd in av ia En gla nd Ge rm an y No Fr rth n an rther ce No e Appalachian Furnace European Furnace 40 Million Years Later

Detail of Previousc Map Sa nd Can you find prototypein. Europe? av ia England En gla & nd y e nc an a Fr rm e GSpa Ita in ly Spain Af ric a Italy 40 Million Years Later: 230 Million Years Ago

60 Million Years Later: 170 Million Years Ago n gla d & ce y n Fra rman Ge Spain Italy & Greece En Early Atlantic Ocean

d an gl En Spain Fr Ge anc rm e & an y 20 Million Years Later: 150 Million Years Ago Italy & Greece

lan g En d Fr Ge anc rm e & an y Alps Italy & Greece tic an n tl a A e c O 60 Million Years Later: 90 Million Years Ago

Iron e som es e Aw ourc Res l Coa & Europe & Africa Colliding Atlantic Ocean 70 Million Years Later: 20 MYA

Next Week Fall of the Roman Empire to Columbus What a ride! The 1000 Year Struggle for the Iron and Coal of Europe