THANSLATION THEORY Objects and objectives Lecture 1 Basic

THANSLATION THEORY Objects and objectives Lecture 1

Basic assumptions Translation is a means of ____________________ communication. As a means of interlingual communication, translation is a ______________ of meaning across cultures.

Basic assumptions The translator makes possible an __________________________ between users of different languages by producing in the __________ language (TL or the translating language) a text, which has an _____________ communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST).

Basic assumptions This target text (TT, that is the _____________ ) is not fully identical with ST as to its _______ or __________ due to the limitations imposed by the formal and semantic differences between the _________ language (SL) and TL.

Basic assumptions Nevertheless the users of TT identify it, to all ________ and__________ , with ST – functionally, ______________ and semantically. The functional identification is revealed in the fact that the ______ (or the translation receptors–TR) handle TT in such a way as if it were ST, a ________ of the source text author.

Basic assumptions The translator is expected to ______ himself as ______ as he can to avoid _____________ with the process of communication between ___ and____. The ideal translation should be accurate as to _________ and natural as to the receptor _________________used.

Basic assumptions An intended audience who is ___________ with the source text will readily understand it. The success of a translation is measured by how ________ it measures up to these__________.

Basic assumptions The ideal translation should be… Accurate: reproducing as _________ as possible the ______________of the source text. Natural: using natural ______ of the receptor language in a way that is ______________to the kind of the text being translated. Communicative: expressing all _________ of the meaning in a way that is readily understandable to the intended_____________.

Definition Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of the text in one language (the "source text") and the__________, in another language, of an equivalent text (the "target text," or "translation") that communicates the same ______________.

Definition Translation must take into account a number of_________, including context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their___________.

Definition Traditionally translation has been a ________ activity, though attempts have been made to computerize or otherwise automate the translation of natural-language texts (__________ translation) or to use computers as an aid to translation (computer-assisted translation).

Definition Perhaps the most common misconception about ___________ is that there exists a simple “word-for-word” _________________ between any two languages, and that translation is therefore a straightforward mechanical process.

Definition On the contrary, every language is a historically-evolved self-contained ______________, and historically determined differences between languages may dictate differences of expression.

Etimology Etymologically, "translation" is “___________________" or "bringing across." The Latin "translatio" derives from the perfect passive participle, "translatum," of "transferre" ("to transfer" — from "trans," "across" + "ferre," "to carry" or "to bring").

Translation The modern Roman, Germanic and Slavonic European languages have generally formed their own equivalent terms for this concept after the_______________— after "transferre" or after the similar "traducere" ("to bring across" or "to lead across").

Object of the science As any observable___________, translation can be the object of scientific ________ aimed at understanding its nature, its components and their __________ as well as various factors influencing it or linked with it in a meaningful way.

Translatology The science of translation or translatology is concerned both with _________________and ___________aspects of translation study.

Theory of translation Translation is a ____________ and versatile phenomenon. Different aspects of translation may be studied by different sciences. The theory of translation studies psychological,____________, ethnographical and other sides of translation activity. It also studies history of translation in this or that country.

Theory of translation The theory of translation provides the translator with the appropriate ________ of analysis and______________, makes him aware of what he is to look for in the original text, what type of information he must convey in ______ and how he should act to achieve his goal. In the final analysis, however, his trade remains an art.

Translation is a ______________ phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological,___________, literary, ergonomical and other__________. Different aspects of translation can be studied with the methods of the respective sciences.

Linguistic theory of translation The linguistic theory of translation is concerned with translation as a form of ____________ communication establishing contact between communicants who speak different languages.

Linguistic theory of translation The basis of this theory is linguistics in the broadest sense of the________, that is, macrolinguistics with all its new branches, such as________________, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, communicative linguistics, etc., studying the language ______________ and its functioning in speech in their relationship to mind, culture and society.

The theory of translation The core of the translation theory is the general _______________of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of _____________ communication and therefore common to all translation events.

The theory of translation An important part of the general theory of translation is the theory of ______________ aimed at studying semantic relationships between ST and TT. Of particular interest is that ______________ of the theory of translation which is concerned with the translating ____________ itself, that is, with the operations required for passing over from ST to TT.

The theory of translation One more branch of the theory of translation which deals with the ____________ aspects of the translating process. The communicants involved in _______________ communication speak different languages but they also belong to different___________, have different general knowledge, different social and historical background.

The theory of translation Translation theory consists of the general and _____________ theories.

Theory of translation Thus, according to the subject of studies theory of translation can be classified as: Psychological __________ of translation literary theory of translation ethnographical theory of translation ________________ theory of translation, etc.

Theory of translation Today __________________ theory of translation occupies the leading position. It studies translation as linguistic phenomenon. Different _______________ of theory of translation together make the whole picture of translation and describe it thoroughly.

The main tasks of the theory of translation: - to determine and ______________ general linguistic principles of translation, i.e. to indicate the features of language systems and the ________________ of language functioning, make the translation _____________ and determine its frames;

The main tasks of the theory of translation: to determine translation as an _________ of linguistic study and to indicate its ________________ from other types of language mediation; to elaborate __________________ of types of translation activity;

The main tasks of the theory of translation: to investigate the _____________ of translation equivalence as a basis of equal communicative value of ST and TT; to elaborate general _____________ and particularities of individual and special translation theories for different language combinations;

The main tasks of the theory of translation: to elaborate general principles of ______________ description of translation as a number of measures taken during transformation of the ST into the TT; to investigate the ___________ of pragmatic and sociolinguistic factors on translation; to determine the notion “____________ of translation” and to elaborate the principles of translation estimation.

Translation theory - a science Translation theory could become a science due to the following factors: Awareness in __________ in the need to scientifically summarize translation experience; Development in________________, communication theory and other branches of studies which provided a background for ______________scientific researches.

Translation theory - a science And finally a number of thorough analytical works that proved beyond doubt the ______________________ and promising ways for a new science that will reveal the _________________ of translation as cross-language and cross-culture communication.

Questions for the seminar: Basic Translation – Основи перекладу/Навч. Посібник. – Мірам Г.Е., Київ, 2005. Стор.7-29. Questions pp.12, 19, 25. Exercises: pp.12-13,19-20, 25-29. Test

Report “The History of Translation Theory Development (in East, West, Ukraine, Russia)”