THANSLATION THEORY Objects and objectives Lecture 1
Basic assumptions § Translation is a means of __________ communication. As a means of interlingual communication, translation is a _______ of meaning across cultures.
Basic assumptions Ø The translator makes possible an _____________ between users of different languages by producing in the _____ language (TL or the translating language) a text, which has an _______ communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST).
Basic assumptions n This target text (TT, that is the _______ ) is not fully identical with ST as to its _______ or _____ due to the limitations imposed by the formal and semantic differences between the _____ language (SL) and TL.
Basic assumptions Nevertheless the users of TT identify it, to all ____ and_____ , with ST – functionally, _______ and semantically. ¡ The functional identification is revealed in the fact that the ______ (or the translation receptors–TR) handle TT in such a way as if it were ST, a ____ of the source text author. ¡
Basic assumptions The translator is expected to ______ himself as ______ as he can to avoid _______ with the process of communication between ___ and____. The ideal translation should be accurate as to _____ and natural as to the receptor _________used. n
Basic assumptions An intended audience who is ______ with the source text will readily understand it. The success of a translation is measured by how ____ it measures up to these_____.
Basic assumptions § The ideal translation should be… § Accurate: reproducing as _____ as possible the _______of the source text. § Natural: using natural ______ of the receptor language in a way that is _______to the kind of the text being translated. § Communicative: expressing all _____ of the meaning in a way that is readily understandable to the intended_______.
Definition l. Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of the text in one language (the "source text") and the_____, in another language, of an equivalent text (the "target text, " or "translation") that communicates the same _______.
Definition ¡ Translation must take into account a number of_____, including context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their______.
Definition n Traditionally translation has been a ____ activity, though attempts have been made to computerize or otherwise automate the translation of naturallanguage texts (_____ translation) or to use computers as an aid to translation (computer-assisted translation).
Definition n Perhaps the most common misconception about ______ is that there exists a simple “word-forword” _________ between any two languages, and that translation is therefore a straightforward mechanical process.
Definition • On the contrary, every language is a historically-evolved self-contained _______, and historically determined differences between languages may dictate differences of expression.
Etimology o Etymologically, "translation" is “__________" or "bringing across. " The Latin "translatio" derives from the perfect passive participle, "translatum, " of "transferre" ("to transfer" — from "trans, " "across" + "ferre, " "to carry" or "to bring").
Translation ¡ The modern Roman, Germanic and Slavonic European languages have generally formed their own equivalent terms for this concept after the________— after "transferre" or after the similar "traducere" ("to bring across" or "to lead across").
Object of the science u As any observable______, translation can be the object of scientific ____ aimed at understanding its nature, its components and their _____ as well as various factors influencing it or linked with it in a meaningful way.
Translatology The science of translation or translatology is concerned both with _________and ______aspects of translation study.
Theory of translation n Translation is a ______ and versatile phenomenon. Different aspects of translation may be studied by different sciences. The theory of translation studies psychological, ______, ethnographical and other sides of translation activity. It also studies history of translation in this or that country.
Theory of translation Ø The theory of translation provides the translator with the appropriate ____ of analysis and_______, makes him aware of what he is to look for in the original text, what type of information he must convey in ______ and how he should act to achieve his goal. In the final analysis, however, his trade remains an art.
Translation is a _______ phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, ______, literary, ergonomical and other_____. Different aspects of translation can be studied with the methods of the respective sciences.
Linguistic theory of translation ¡ The linguistic theory of translation is concerned with translation as a form of ______ communication establishing contact between communicants who speak different languages.
Linguistic theory of translation l The basis of this theory is linguistics in the broadest sense of the____, that is, macrolinguistics with all its new branches, such as________, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, communicative linguistics, etc. , studying the language _______ and its functioning in speech in their relationship to mind, culture and society.
The theory of translation n The core of the translation theory is the general ________of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of _______ communication and therefore common to all translation events.
The theory of translation An important part of the general theory of translation is theory of _______ aimed at studying semantic relationships between ST and TT. Of particular interest is that _______ of theory of translation which is concerned with the translating ______ itself, that is, with the operations required for passing over from ST to TT.
The theory of translation o One more branch of theory of translation which deals with the ______ aspects of the translating process. o The communicants involved in ________ communication speak different languages but they also belong to different______, have different general knowledge, different social and historical background.
The theory of translation o. Translation theory consists of the general and _______ theories.
Theory of translation n n Thus, according to the subject of studies theory of translation can be classified as: Psychological _____ of translation literary theory of translation ethnographical theory of translation ________ theory of translation, etc.
Theory of translation Ø Today _________ theory of translation occupies the leading position. It studies translation as linguistic phenomenon. Ø Different ________ of theory of translation together make the whole picture of translation and describe it thoroughly.
The main tasks of theory of translation: - to determine and _______ general linguistic principles of translation, i. e. to indicate the features of language systems and the ________ of language functioning, make the translation _______ and determine its frames;
The main tasks of theory of translation: to determine translation as an _____ of linguistic study and to indicate its ________ from other types of language mediation; to elaborate _________ of types of translation activity;
The main tasks of theory of translation: to investigate the _______ of translation equivalence as a basis of equal communicative value of ST and TT; n to elaborate general _______ and particularities of individual and special translation theories for different language combinations; n
The main tasks of theory of translation: § to elaborate general principles of _______ description of translation as a number of measures taken during transformation of the ST into the TT; § to investigate the ______ of pragmatic and sociolinguistic factors on translation; § to determine the notion “______ of translation” and to elaborate the principles of translation estimation.
Translation theory - a science Ø Translation theory could become a science due to the following factors: Ø Awareness in _____ in the need to scientifically summarize translation experience; Ø Development in________, communication theory and other branches of studies which provided a background for _______scientific researches.
Translation theory - a science n And finally a number of thorough analytical works that proved beyond doubt the ___________ and promising ways for a new science that will reveal the _________ of translation as cross-language and crossculture communication.
Questions for the seminar: • Basic Translation – Основи перекладу/Навч. Посібник. – Мірам Г. Е. , Київ, 2005. • Стор. 7 -29. • Questions pp. 12, 19, 25. • Exercises: pp. 12 -13, 19 -20, 25 -29. • Test
• Report “The History of Translation Theory Development (in East, West, Ukraine, Russia)”
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