Terrorism in globalization era
Terrorism – history and definition TERROR – Latin word meaning „fear” Method of political war since the beginning of the world history: v Ancient history (case of Ceasar) v French revolution (Jacobins)
Terrorism – history and definition Terrorism in prime: XIX/XX century attacks on heads of states Tsar Alexander II (several attacks, last successful one in 1881) President of the USA Mc. Kinley (1903) Prince Francis Ferdinand (1914)
Terrorism – history and definition 1930 -1940 ies – era of terror in Germany and USSR 1960 ies – era of diplomatic terrorism – beggining of the Islamic terrorism 1980 ies – idea of suicide bombers Development of the terrorist organizations
What is terrorism? 109 different definitions of terrorism (Schmidt and Youngman „Political Terrorism”) Words appearing in definitions: ü violence, force ü political ü fear, emphasis on terror ü threats ü psychological effects ü discrepancy between the targets and the victims ü intentional, planned, organized action 83. 5% 65% 51% 47% 41. 5% 37. 5% 32%
Different definitions l Webster's University Dictionary: systematic use of violence, terror, and intimidation to achieve an end (goal) l FBI : unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
General concept of terrorism Terrorism is the intentional use of, or threat to use violence against civilians or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims Boaz Ganor, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism
International terrorism l US State Department International terrorism is terrorism conducted with the support of a foreign government or organization and / or directed against foreign nationals, institutions or governments
Why is it so difficult to define terrorism? One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter
Types of terrorism l Political terrorism: based on governmental, state, political, territorial problems l Criminal terrorism: based on material motivations (ransom, blackmail) l Individual terrorism: aimed at an individual, specific person (politician, businessman) l Collective terrorism: aimed at accidental community (metro stations, buildings)
Major organizations considered terrorist organizations Hamas Hezbollah Al-Qaida ETA IRA
Hamas - Islamic Resistance Movement „hamas” means „enthusiasm” Palestinian movement - established in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmed Yasin - against any agreement with Israel - goal: to establish an Islamic theocracy in the area that is currently Israel, the West Bank and Gaza. -
Hezbollah – Party of God founded in 1982 by Libanese Shia groups - Leader: Hassan Nasrallah - goal: to establish a united Islamic republic - cooperates with Hamas against Israel -
Al-Qaida - - „Al. -Qaida” means „base” established by Usama Bin Ladin in the late 1980 s bringing together Arabs who fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union serves as an umbrella organization for a worldwide network goal: to establish a pan-Islamic Caliphate throughout the world
ETA – Euskadi Ta Askanasuna ETA means Basqu Country and Freedom - - established by the young nationalists in 1959 affiliated with Basque Nationalist Party goal: to create an independent socialist state for the Basque people, separate from Spain and France
IRA – Irish Republican Army Established by Michael Collins l Secret army of the Sinn Fein Party l fought the Irish War of Independence against British l rule, 1916 - 1921 later on – fought for the North Irland to join the Republic of Ireland l 1969 – divided into Official IRA and Temporary IRA (radicals) l other subdivisions: Real IRA, Continuity IRA) l
United Nations and terrorism AIR CONVENTIONS: 1963 Tokio Convention – safety in aviation 1970 Hague Convention – aircraft hijackings 1971 Montreal Convention - acts of aviation sabotage such as bombings aboard aircraft in flight OTHER CONVENTIONS: 1973 – crimes against internationally protected persons 1979 – hostages convention 1980 – nuclear materials convention 1999 – financing terrorism
Council of Europe and terrorism Two new conventions open to signature in 2005: 1. Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism 2. Council of Europe Convention on the Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism
Important vocabulary l l l l head of state suicide bomber threat violence force targets victims intimidation fighter ransom blackmail hijacking hostage
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