TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL DO NOT COPY 1 Terawave

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 1 Terawave Communications, Inc. Network Planning Course Module 2 Network Engineering Overview & PON Review Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 2 Objectives n At the end of this module, you will: § Understand the planning requirements required for designing, building and expanding a PON network § Review the PON technology and different topologies supported Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 3 Contents n n Planning Requirements – 4 PON Review – 9 Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 4 Planning Requirements Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 5 Planning Requirements n Network planning can be broken down into two areas: § Physical Network Topology – Designing the physical configuration of the network • PON • INT § Traffic Engineering – Planning for the services to be supported on the network. These services can also drive the design of the physical network topology Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 6 Planning Requirements – Physical Network PON Network n n n PON basics Optical power levels Splitter information § Type § Losses § Placement n Fiber § Type § Loss characteristics § Distances n Delay requirements Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 7 Planning Requirements – Physical Network INT Network n n n Applications terminated on the INT chassis Bandwidth requirements Application delay requirements Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 8 Planning Requirements – Traffic Engineering PON or INT Network n n n Types of services Bandwidth of Network interface of Uplink cards Oversubscription ratios Number of calls supported per module VP or VC switching Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 9 PON Review Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 10 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) General Information n n A Passive Optical Network (PON) is defined as an optical network without any intermediate electronic or opto-electronic devices PON advantages over networks with active components: § No electric power so they are not sensitive to power failures § Not EMI sensitive (as compared to copper based networks) § Highly reliable and require little maintenance due to lack of intermediate active components n Optical fiber generally used is single mode fiber Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 11 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards n A group of global Service Providers formed an organization in 1995, the Full Service Access Network (FSAN) § § § n BT (British Telecommunications plc) Bell Canada Bell. South Bezeq Israel Chunghwa Taiwan DTAG - Deutsche Telekom Eire Telecom FT - France Telecom Verizon KPN - Dutch Telecom KT - Korean Telecom § § § § § Malta Telecom NTT SBC Sing. Tel Swisscom TI/CSELT - Telefonica Italia Telefonica Espana Telia Sweden Telstra Qwest The goal of FSAN was to standardize on a fiber network to the home that would provide support for voice, video and data Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 12 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards for BPON n Passive Optical Networks and their operation are guided by ITU-T standards § G. 983 (02/98) ITU Study Group Recommendation for Broadband APON (BPON) § G. 983. 1 (10/98) Broadband Optical Access based on PON § G. 983. 2 (04/00) ONT Management & Control n New Recommendations approved by FSAN and forwarded to ITU-T for approval § G. 983. 1 Amendment 1 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for 622 Symmetric PON § G. 983. 3 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for Wavelength Overlays § G. 983. 4 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation § G. 983. 5 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for Protection Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 13 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards for GPON n The next generation of PON is the Gigabit PON, more commonly known as GPON § G. 984. 1 General Characteristics for Gigabit-capable PON – This Recommendation proposes the general characteristics for GPON, based on operator’s service requirements § G. 984. 2 Gigabit-capable PON Physical Media Dependent (PMD) Layer specification – This Recommendation proposes the physical layer requirements and specifications for a GPON § G. 984. 3 Gigabit-capable PON Transmission Convergence Layer specification – This Recommendation proposes the specifications for the GPON framing, messaging, Ranging method, OAM functionality and security § G. 984. 4 Gigabit-capable PON ONT Management & Control Interface (OMCI) specification Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 14 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards for GPON n n n The next generation of PON is the Gigabit PON More commonly known as GPON Different options for the GPON: § Upstream: • 155 Mbps • 622 Mbps • 1. 2 Gbps • 2. 4 Gbps § Downstream: • 1. 2 Gbps • 2. 4 Gbps n n GPONs can be implemented as asymmetric or symmetric Core transport technology is still ATM as it provides globally standardized prioritization Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 15 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) Major Components n Optical Line Termination (OLT) - Normally located § In the Central Office or; § Basement of a business location n Optical Network Unit/Termination (ONU/ONT) Normally located § In the basement of a business location or; § Wiring closet on individual floors of a business location § Maximum number of ONTs per PON- 32 n ODN – Optical Distribution Network § Fiber splitters Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 16 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) Fiber Recommendations n Number of fibers § Dual fiber • Easier to implement • WDM not required § Single fiber • Requires WDM for dual wavelengths on a single fiber n Type of fiber § Multi-mode fiber • Captures bulk of fiber installed prior to early 1990 s § Single mode fiber • Most common fiber installed since early 1990 s due to advantages over multi-mode – Distance – Capacity Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 17 Topologies Supported Linear (Bus) n n n 24 d. B system margin allows for 32 -way split at up to 20 km Longer reach (35 km max) is possible with reduced split ratio & Long Range PAU Module in ONT Linear Topology § OK for static configurations like “fiber in the riser” or fixed configurations like infrastructure projects (e. g. rail or highway applications). § Not practical for FTTB applications due to uncertainty in where subscriber base is located 1550 nm PCU Xmtr ONT Rcvr Sensitivity +3 d. Bm to – 3 d. Bm – 27 d. Bm 1 x 2 95% 5% 1 x 2 90% 1 x 2 85% 15% 1310 nm Module 2 1 x 2 80% 20% 1 x 2 75% 25%

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 18 Topologies Supported Linear (Bus) 1 x 2 95% 5% n 1 x 2 90% 1 x 2 85% 1 x 2 80% 20% 1 x 2 75% 25% Advantages § Most efficient use of main fiber run § Possibility of standardizing on one splitter type (for simplest solution) § Potentially high cascade factor (e. g 14 Splitters) n Disadvantages § Low engineering complexity § Requires the use of many splitter types (for longest drop reach) § Adding customers may require re-specification of deployed splitters Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 19 Linear Topology - Example 방화 M_CO 0. 9 Seoul Subway – Line 5 Distance 13. 7 km Node # 5 ONUs 화산 1. 2 Distance 11. 4 Km Node # 5 ONUs J_CO 김포공항 Distance path 1 : 2. 9 km path 2 : 4. 8 km Node # 5 ONUs 1. 2 송정 1. 1 마곡 발산 M_CO 1. 0 M_CO 1. 1 오 우장산 까 신 목 목 1. 0 치 화곡 정 동 교 1. 2 산 1. 3 0. 8 0. 9 Distance 8. 3 km Node # 5 ONUs 양 평 0. 8 2 Km 영 등 포 구 청 Distance 6. 9 km Distance 11. 6 km Distance 10. 4 km Node # 5 ONUs Distance 11. 5 km Node # 5 ONUs Node # 4 ONUs K_CO Distance 12 Km Node # 5 ONUs M_CO 아 차 산 길동 광 나 루 1. 5 명일 굽은다리 0. 8 J_CO 천 호 2. 0 0. 9 강동 0. 8 1. 2 둔촌동 1. 4 2 Km 3 Km J_CO 0. 9 방이 0. 9 오금 0. 9 Optic Mux Yong_CO Optic Mux Dacom ONUs 0. 9 롱 거여 0. 9 마천 Distance 6. 6 km Node # 4 ONUs J_CO MUX Subway Corp. Module 2 Distance 5. 3 Km Node # 3 ONUs 올림픽공원 K_CO Y_CO 0. 7 Node # 5 ONUs K_CO Y_CO 영 을 종 여 등 지 로 동대 여 신 왕 장 답 애 충 서 광 의 포 로 군 한 십 나 마 공 오 정 대 화 4 3 문운 청 금 행 십 마 시 신 의 자 평 리 가 가 동장 구 호 당 리 장 장 길 도 1. 0 루 포 덕 O 로 문 문 N 1. 2 1. 0 0. 9 0. 8 0. 9 0. 7 1. 0 0. 9 1. 1 1. 0 1. 8 0. 8 1. 1 0. 9 0. 7 1. 1 1. 2 1. 5 1. 0 U s 3 Km 상일동 1. 1 고덕 1. 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 20 Topologies Supported Linear Branch 1 x 4 n 1 x 4 Linear Branch Topology § Compromise between Linear topology and Tree & Branch topology § Offers fiber savings and also helps to deal with the uncertainty of the location of customer for FTTB n Advantages § Can be engineered with spare ports for flexibility/growth § Most efficient use of main fiber run n Disadvantages § § Moderate engineering complexity Lower number of splitters in cascade Adding customers may require re-specification of deployed splitters May require exotic splitter types Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Tree & Branch (Bush) Tree & Branch Topology § Ideal for FTTH applications where the number and location of subscribers is well defined. § OK for FTTB application where subscriber base is reasonably well assured (e. g. business or industrial park) and several such concentrations exist. 1 x 4 n 1 x 4 1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x 4 21 Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Tree & Branch (Bush) n Advantages § Efficient use of fiber § Accommodates most churn without the need to reengineer § Utilizes only a few splitter types Disadvantages § Difficult engineering complexity § May result in too many or too few optical ports at the last splitter 1 x 4 n 1 x 4 1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x 4 22 Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 23 Tree & Branch - Example TW 300 Lite Long Range (25 Km+) TW 300 LAN Sites < 25 Km PON 1 B Thunder Mt. Elementary Taylor Elementary Palisade High Admin Site PON 2 B OTN#3 OTN#2 1 x 6 OTN#4 PON 3 B 1 x 6 PON 1 A 7609 PON 2 A 1 x 4 4 3 2 TW 600 OTN#5 OTN#1 PON 3 A 1 x 6 1 x 4 1 x 6 PON 4 B 1 x 4 HE PON 4 A Single Fiber PON GIG E (MM GBIC) Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 24 Topologies Supported Star n Star Topology or Modified Star Topology § Ideal as a starter topology for FTTB providing a migration toward an efficiently utilized T&B topology. 1 x 32 Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 25 Topologies Supported Modified Star n OK for FTTB applications where subscriber base is reasonably well assured (e. g. business or industrial park) using a “drive deep and split” approach. n Advantages § § n Least engineering complexity Accommodates churn without the need to reengineer Utilizes a small number of splitter types Highly resilient to access fiber failure Disadvantages § Least efficient use of fiber 1 x 2 1 x 16 Module 2 1 x 16

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 26 Modified Star Topology - Example OLT Configuration Reference Lab Moscow Outside Fiber • 3 x PCU 622 • 1 x STM 1 s. TDM NIM • 1 x STM 1 c ATM NIM • 1 x GIG E NIM TMS Server/ TMS Client Slave Central Office 1 x 16 (<=16 Drops) Fore ASX 1000 Ethernet Hub ATM Fore ASX 1000 1 x 2 PON 1 (of 3) STM 1 c Fore ASX 200 10 b. T 1 x 16 Ethernet Switch/Hub Out of Band Mgmt STM 1 COMCOR HQ PON 1 ONT 1 -16 PON 1 ONT 17 -32 In Band Mgmt SDH PON 2 6 ONT Core Network 1 x 2 Alcatel Optiplex 1660 SM Typical Central Office Module 2 1 x 16 1 x 32 Customer Premises

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 27 PON Review Ranging n n The process by which the OLT determines the ONTs relative distance from the ONT to determine the ONTs relative traffic position in the PONs Upstream traffic Multiple types of Ranging § Coarse – The initial task to measure the delay from the OLT to each ONT § Fine – The measured range from the OLT to the ONT plus another delay corresponding to the time slot assigned to the ONT within a frame of ATM cells n Re-ranging occurs on a periodic basis to compensate for delay variances between the OLT and ONT resulting from such changing variables as temperature and moisture Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 28 PON Review Granting n n n Upstream traffic is TDMA while Downstream traffic is broadcast The process of “Grants” is a method whereby PONs control the flow of Upstream traffic from the ONTs to the OLT The “Grant” is the permission sent from the OLT to the ONT to allow the ONT to transmit traffic in its assigned timeslot on the Upstream data train Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 29 Objectives Revisited n n Understand the planning requirements required for designing, building and expanding a PON network Review the PON technology and different topologies supported Module 2

TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY 30 Terawave Communications, Inc. Lighting The First Mile™ Module 2