Tampa FAASTeam Welcome Tonight s Presentation Multi vs Single

Tampa FAASTeam Welcome Tonight’s Presentation Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences Select Number NR 0126694

Tampa FAASTeam Welcome Tonight’s Team: Tom Evans David Keyser Dennis Whitley Karen Dunbar

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Tampa FAASTeam • January Runway Safety • February AOPA, GPS From The Ground Up • March Airspace-Navigating The DC Airspace • April Tampa Tower and Tampa Airspace • May Flight Service, Weather and More • June Flight Safety, A Viewpoint From The Pros • July Light Sport Aircraft, R&R • August Multi Vs. Single Engine Safety • September Root Cause of Accidents- Human Factors of Flying • October Runway Incursions – Runway Safety • November Simulation – An Economical Way To Stay Current • December AOPA, What Went Wrong

Tampa FAASTeam Notes: Peter O. Knight (KTPF) Runway Construction TFR-Orlando / Disney 3 NM / 3000’ and Below October. . 20 thru 22 - NBAA Orlando…High Traffic November. . 5 thru 7 - AOPA Summit High traffic

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences Select Number NR 0126694

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Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Similarities

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Similarities • Differences

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Similarities • Differences • Simplicity

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Similarities • Differences • Simplicity • Complexity

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Similarities • Differences • Simplicity • Complexity • Aerodynamics

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Similarities • Differences • Simplicity • Complexity • Aerodynamics • Safety

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Personal Safety Standards

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Personal Safety Standards You Never Ever Want To See This

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Cessna 421…. The Pilot, 80 years of age, was in good health, had no aviation violations and had been a pilot since 1985, with 23, 000 hours of flight experience.

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Cessna 210 N… The pilot held an Airline Transport Pilot Certificate, with airplane single and multi-engine land instrument ratings. In addition, he held a Flight Instructor Certificate with single engine and instrument airplane ratings.

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • King Air B 200… A fixed-wing single-engine-rated private pilot and passenger, safely landed King Air B 200

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Are multi-engine airplanes really safer? • Are single-engine airplanes really safer?

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Why require an additional rating to fly multi-engine airplanes?

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Why require an additional rating to fly multi-engine airplanes? • Why require an additional rating to fly single-engine airplanes?

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences Per flying hour a Twin Engine Airplane compared to a Single is: • 2 times more likely to develop problems in ANY of its engines; • 4 times less likely to develop problems in TWO of its engines.

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Similarities and Differences • Approaches

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths • Multi Engine Airplanes are more complex

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths • If an engine fails in a twin, the remaining engine will only carry you to the scene of the accident quicker.

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths • If an engine fails in a twin, shut down the remaining engine and crash land. Better to land right side up, than otherwise.

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths • Bob just got his Private Pilot License

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths • Bob just got his Private Pilot License • Bob just bought a new Bonanza

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths • Bob just got his Private Pilot License • Bob just bought a new Bonanza • Bob just bought a Baron

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Myths • Bob just got his Private Pilot License • Bob just bought a new Bonanza • Bob just bought a Baron • Bob is going to kill himself in that thing!

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Facts What Makes us safer ? ? ?

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Facts What Makes us safer ? ? ? • Training

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Facts What Makes us safer ? ? ? • Training • Continuing Education / Re-currency

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Facts What Makes us safer ? ? ? • Training • Continuing Education / Re-currency • Additional Rating / Upgrade

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Facts What Makes us safer ? ? ? • Training • Continuing Education / Re-currency • Additional Rating / Upgrade • Practice

FAR Part 61. 31 (e) • A Complex Aircraft is one which has manually or automatically controllable pitch propeller, flaps, and retractable landing gear. • Note that these aircraft do not have to be over 200 HP. • To be legal to fly a “Complex Aircraft" under 61. 31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.

FAR Part 61. 31 (f) • A High Performance Aircraft is one which has engine of more than 200 horsepower. • Note that these aircraft do not have to have retractable gear. • To be legal to fly a “High Performance Aircraft" under 61. 31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.

FAR Part 61. 31 (g) • A Pressurized Aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes. (certificated above 25, 000) • Note that these aircraft do not have to have retractable gear or more than 200 HP. • To be legal to fly a “High Altitude Aircraft" under 61. 31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.

FAR Part 61. 31 (a)A person who acts as a pilot in command of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft: • • • (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air). (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. (3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures.

FAR Part 61… • Sec 61. 103 - Eligibility • Sec 61. 105 - Aeronautical Knowledge • Sec 61. 107 - Flight Proficiency • Sec 61. 109 - Aeronautical Experience

FAR Part 61… • Pilots may take their original private pilot or other practical tests in a multi-engine airplane, in which case they will be subject to additional experience requirements. • A pilot certificate obtained in such a manner will not include single engine piloting privileges (ability to deal with a total power loss is not demonstrated during multi engine certification).

FAR Part 61… • To add a multi engine rating to a private, commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA requires an instructor endorsement and a practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not required. The practical test includes a detailed oral test.

FAR Part 61… • To add a single engine rating to a private, commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA requires an instructor endorsement and a practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not required. The practical test includes a detailed oral test.

FAR Part 61. 109 (a) • (a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except • as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61. 107 (b)

FAR Part 61. 109 (b) • (b) For an airplane multi-engine rating. Except • as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and multi engine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61. 107 (b) (2)

Beech Baron Take Off Distance

Beech Baron Accelerate To Stop Distance

Accelerate To Stop Distance • First Response – 3273 and a half feet Sir

Accelerate To Stop Distance • Best Response – 3273 and a half feet Sir – But that’s with a new airplane and a test pilot – And, if I start stopping exactly when the engine fails. – Besides, it pretty hot today, and my brakes, tires, and brain are old. – We better look at the chart and add a little distance to the 3273 and a half feet!

Accelerate To Stop Distance Accelerate-Stop Distance is the runway required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the manufacturer) and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, to bring the airplane to a complete stop.

Accelerate To Go Distance Accelerate-Go Distance is the runway required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the manufacturer) and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, to continue the takeoff on the remaining engine and climb to a height of 50 feet.

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance • First Response

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance • First Response – 1125 Feet Sir

Cessna 172 Take Off Distance • Best Response – 1125 Feet Sir – However, that’s at Standard temperature with a new airplane and a test pilot – Let’s look at the AFM and see what it is today for my airplane – A worst case would be at 5000 ft DA and a temperature of 97 degrees

Cessna 172 Accelerate To Stop Distance

Multi Engine Climb Performance • The loss of an engine in a multi engine airplane can result in more than 50% of its climb capability.

Multi Engine Climb Performance • The loss of an engine in a multi engine airplane can result in loss of more than 50% of its climb capability. • Matter of fact, the loss can be 80% or greater!

Multi Engine Climb Performance • When one engine on a twin fails, you typically lose 80% to 90% of your excess thrust. • Which means that if you were climbing at 1200 fpm with both engines, if you configure and fly the aircraft perfectly after an engine failure, you will likely see around 200 fpm, which is pretty bad. !

Multi Engine Climb Performance Aircraft • Seminole • Navajo • Aztec • Cessna 310 • Beech Baron • Cessna 421 ME roc 1, 340 1, 390 1, 495 1, 694 1, 850 SE roc 212 230 240 327 382 305 Loss 82. 78 83. 45 83. 89 78. 13 80. 70 83. 51 • • • 1, 750 2, 460 3, 290 470 740 906 73. 15 70. 00 72. 50 Cheyenne ll King Air 200 Citation CJ 1

Cessna 421 • Aircraft • Cessna 421 • • Empty Weight 75 Gallons Pilot TO Weight • GTOW • Under ME roc 1, 850 SE roc 305 Loss 83. 51 4700 450 75 gal (Max 262 gal) 200 5350 6480 1130 **

Cessna 421 • Flight experience of 23, 000 hours. • 5, 000 hours of flight experience in the accident airplane,

Cessna 421 • Flight experience of 23, 000 hours. • 5, 000 hours of flight experience in the accident airplane, • Witnesses reported pilot ran the engines to full • power for about 20 minutes prior to departure. The pilot appeared to be troubleshooting an engine issue.

Cessna 421 • Witnesses near the accident site observed the airplane in a shallow climb from runway 8, flying low, with the right engine on fire. Some of the witnesses reported that the flames were yellow in color and no smoke was observed. The airplane then banked right and descended into a residential area.

Torque

Torque

P - Factor

P - Factor

P – Factor Overhead View

Critical Engine

Critical Engine

Critical Engine

No Critical Engine

VMC – Minimum Controllable Airspeed • Calibrated Airspeed at which it is possible to control the aircraft when the critical engine becomes inoperative.

VMC – Minimum Controllable Airspeed • Max Gross Weight • Most AFT CG • Max Power on operating engine • Less than 5 degrees of bank • Flaps In take off position • Gear up

VMC Considerations • Performance – – Gear Up Flaps Up Aft CG Altitude • Stability – – Gear Down Flaps Down Fwd CG Altitude

V Speeds • Vso • Vs 1 • Vmc • Vne Stall Speed (clean) Stall (Spec. Config) Min Control Speed Max Speed (Green Arc) (White Arc) (Red Line) • Vx-Vxse Best Angle (Multi) • Vy-Vyse Best Rate (Multi) (Blue Line) • Vref Approach Speed (1. 3 Vso)

V Speeds • V 1 • VR • V 2 Decision Speed Rotation Speed (Vyse) • Vfe • Vlo • Vref Flap Operating Speed Gear Operating Speed Approach Speed (1. 3 Vso) (Red Line) (>V 1

V Speeds (Call Outs) SEL • • Airspeed Alive V 1 VR Positive Rate Gear Up V 2 Flaps Up 1000 Ft Both >Vs or Vs 1 >Vs Red Line

Engine Failure After Take Off • Airspeed • Mixtures • Props • Throttles • Flaps • Gear • Identify • Verify • Feather Maintain Vyse Rich High RPM Full Power Retracted Which engine failed? Close inop. engine throttle Feather Inop engine prop

Engine Failure After Take Off • Which Engine Failed? • Which Engine has not Failed?

Engine Failure After Take Off • Manifold Pressure • RPM • Oil Pressure • Fuel Flow • Warning Light

Engine Failure After Take Off • Working Foot – Working Engine • Dead Foot – Dead Engine • Ball Moves towards Good Engine • Ball Moves away from the Dead Engine • Step on the Ball

Engine Failure After Take Off • Failed Engine • Ball is a good indicator

Engine Failure After Take Off • Failing Engine • Ball is not a good indicator • Ball will be moving left and right

Engine Failure After Take Off • IDENTIFY !!! • VERIFY !!! • FEATHER !!!

Engine Failure After Take Off DACH-6 • Airspeed • Throttles • Flaps • 1500 ft. 80 Knots MAX Power 10 degrees Check List

Engine Failure After Take Off Citation • Maintain Directional Control • No action until 400 ft • Memory Items only • 1500 ft Checklist

Engine Failure After Take Off Single • Speed • Action Best Glide Speed Land

Cruise Flight

Cruise Flight • Know Your Airplane • Be familiar with Single Engine Service Ceiling Single Engine Absolute Ceiling

Cruise Flight • The single engine service ceiling is the altitude at which twins can no longer climb at 50 feet per minute in smooth air, with one engine feathered, at maximum certificated takeoff weight. • The single engine absolute ceiling is where the rate of climb is zero.

Cruise Flight • VMC at altitude – Lower VMC at higher altitude – Lower VMC with lower power

Cruise Flight Fuel Considerations • Fuel Needed • Fuel Available under certain failures

Cruise Flight • Piper Seminole • Service Ceiling SE 15000 ft 3800 ft • Stall Speed • VMC • Yyse 55 KIAS 56 KIAS 88 KIAS

Approach and Landing

Approach and Landing

Approach and Landing • Notify ATC or CTAF • Plan for Instrument Approach • Straight In Final Approach • Go Around Early and High

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Bottom Line SEL / MEL

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Bottom Line SEL / MEL • Know your airplane

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Bottom Line SEL / MEL • Know your airplane’s limitations

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Bottom Line SEL / MEL • Know your airplane’s limitations • Know your limitations

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight Bottom Line SEL / MEL • Know your airplane’s limitations • Know your limitations • Practice - Practice

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight • Proficiency – Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly multi engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal operations they would be at least twice safer flying a single engine airplane. – This is due to the higher probability of any of the engines failing in a multi and the consequences of not being prepared to handle those cases.

Multi vs. Single Engine Flight • Proficiency – Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly single engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal operations they would be at least twice safer flying a multi engine airplane. – This is due to the higher probability of an engine failing in a single and the consequences of not being prepared to handle those cases.

Thank You • Thank you for coming this evening • Thank you for your participation FLY SAFELY !!!

Next Meeting 2 nd Tuesday of The Month • Tuesday September 8 th 2009 Round Table Forum Root Causes of Accidents: Psychological factors of flying