TAIEX Workshop on Operational safety and Feedback from Operational Experience EC, 17 September 2010, Kyiv, Ukraine Participation and Role of the Regulatory Authority in Operational Feedback System Helena Janžekovič Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 1 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
TAIEX Workshop on Operational Safety and Feedback from Operational Experience • • • Introduction TMI 1979 and “Davis-Besse 1978 case” Regulatory procedures International support Conclusions REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 2 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Introduction • Today the collective knowledge regarding reactors is 14 000 cumulated reactor-years of practical experiences. (JRC, 2010) • The development of nuclear technology started around 100 years ago, namely by the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by W. Roentgen and radioactivity in 1896 by H. Becquerel. • After World War II the expansion of nuclear technologies was foreseen and resulted in the establishment of the IAEA, OECD/NEA and EURATOM in 1957. • The expansion in the field of nuclear energy was stopped by many factors including the lack of a lessons learned attitude in radiation and nuclear safety issues. “It takes a wise man to learn from his mistakes, but an even wiser man to learn from others. “ (proverb) REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 3 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
TMI 1979 and “Davis-Besse 1978 case” Three Mile Island – Unit 2 (TMI) Accident • The TMI accident on 28 March 1979 was the first major accident at a civilian nuclear power station. • The LOCA occurred during a normal operation of the 906 MWe PWR NPP (B&W). REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 4 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
TMI 1979 and “Davis-Besse 1978 case” TMI • The initial event was a failure at the secondary site of the TMI plant followed by a scram in 8 s. • The main mechanical failure was the stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve (PORV) in the primary system. • As a result of a sequence of events a loss of cooling water was not identified for about 2. 5 h. • About half of the core melted down. • The release of up to 481 PBq (13 million curies) of radioactive gases was identified. A release less than 740 GBq (20 curies) of the 131 I was estimated. • Cleanup started in August 1979 and officially ended in December 1993. • REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/ 5
TMI 1979 and “Davis-Besse 1978 case” http: //www. nrc. gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3 mileisle. html#tmiview REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 6 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
TMI 1979 and “Davis-Besse 1978 case” TMI • In 1978 the same failure of the relief valve (PORV) occurred at the Davis-Besse NPP (B&W), USA, running at only 9% power. • The operator of the Davis-Besse NPP recognised the failure in about 20 minutes. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 7 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
TMI 1979 and “Davis-Besse 1978 case” TMI • Altogether 65 NPPs were in operation in the USA that year. • The regulatory authority (NRC) and operators did not conduct a systematic collection of events at that time. • The investigation of the “Devis-Besse 1978 case” was still in process when the TMI accident occurred. • Investigation of the TMI accident resulted in many recommendations given by the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island: … - systematic gathering and analysis operating experience …. http: //www. nrc. gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3 mile-isle. html REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 8 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
TMI 1979 and “Davis-Besse 1978 case” TMI • 1979, Institute of Nuclear Operators (INPO) http: //www. inpo. info/ • 1986, Chernobyl accident • 1989, World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) http: //www. wano. info/ Devis-Besse NPP Obninsk NPP 1954 REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 25 years TMI, INPO 1979 WANO Chernobyl 1986 1989 9 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures Role of the regulatory authority (RA) • • “A key contributor to enhancing nuclear safety is the ability to learn from experience. ” (IAEA) The role of the RA regarding operational experiences (OE) feedback system is related to: 1. control of NPPs in the state as well as others involved - controlling of functioning of an “operator’s OE feedback system” 2. collecting the OE as a part of its activity and establishment the national OE feedback system with all stakeholders - establishment of the “RA OE national feedback system” 3. cooperation with international organisations regarding OE - participation in international systems of OE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 10 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures Role of the regulatory authority • • 1. Inspection 2. Preparation of legislation, guidelines… OE 3. Licensing activities 4. Emergency preparedness 5. Informing The tasks related to OE feedback systems are present in all roles of the RA. The role of the RA depends on a general legislative context. A detailed role of the RA regarding OE should be well defined in the legislation. Moreover the role of others involved, e. g. operators, vendors, designers and TSOs, should be well defined, too. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 11 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures Structure of OE feedback system • Elements of OE feedback system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Reporting of events (e. g. which events should be reported) Screening system (e. g. who is performing the screening) Investigation system (e. g. how investigation is conducted) In depth analysis (e. g. who is performing the analysis) Lessons learned (e. g. analysis of corrective actions) Collecting trends (e. g. establishment of indicators) Dissemination and exchange of information Database of information (e. g. how the data are stored) • REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 12 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures RA and NPP OE feedback systems 1/2 • • • During the lifetime of an NPP the operator’s OE feedback system is required through different legal mechanisms e. g. during licensing of operation or modifications, PSR, QM, inspections. The NPP OE feedback systems include events at a site as well as appropriate external events i. e. off - site events. A legal requirement of OE feedback systems should exist. An example: In the Slovenian legislation the operational experiences are mentioned in about 15 articles. - Ionising Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act, 2004 (Article 60) - Rules on Radiation and Nuclear Safety Factors (2010, Articles 18, 39, 49) - Rules on Operational Safety of Radiation and Nuclear Facilities (2010, Articles 6 -13, 18, 32, 46, 64) REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 13 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures RA and NPP OE feedback systems 2/2 • An example related to one NPP i. e. the Krško NPP in Slovenia: - “Operating Experience Feedback Program” is conducted by the Independent Safety Engineering Group (ISEG) at the NPP site. The program includes in-house as well as external events and includes corrective action program. - For significant in house-events the “Root Cause Analysis” takes place in the NPP. - The “Plant Performance Monitoring Programme” was developed by the NPP operator. It includes 90 indicators. events regular program REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 14 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures Regulatory authority and its OE feedback system 1. The RA is collecting and analysing OE of NPPs in the state through well defined mechanism based on the legislation. NPP RA 2. The RA is collecting and analysing OE from the NPP located outside the state through different channels including international organisations, RAs, bilateral cooperation, meetings, news etc. • The appropriate dissemination of such OE to NPPs in the state and other stakeholders, e. g. TSOs, is a part of the RA ’s activity. • In general, the national system with a network of operators, vendors, designers, agencies, regulatory bodies, TSOs etc. should be established. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 15 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures The Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration (SNSA) and its OE feedback system • Two internal procedures of the SNSA management system related to OE feedback systems exist: 1. procedure related to events in the facilities of the state (“Monitoring and management of foreign operating experiences and regulatory requirements for nuclear facilities”) 2. procedure related to operational experiences outside the state (“Monitoring and management of events in radiation and nuclear facilities”) The only NPP in Slovenia, the NPP Krško, PWR Westinghouse, 1983 REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 16 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures The SNSA and its OE feedback system cont. • The detailed flow charts of the functioning of the OE feedback system is given in procedures starting with “sources of events”. Viri Zbiranje informacij, pregled in presejanje ter določitev ocenjevalca Zbiranje dodatnih informacij, ocenjevanje, analiza ter predlog nadaljnjih aktivnosti Odločanje o morebitnih ukrepih, vključitev inšpekcije Načrt zadolžitev Poročanje, zaključitev izkušnje, arhiviranje Izvedba zadolžitev An example: flowchart IAEA No. NS-G-2. 11 REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 17 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures The SNSA and its OE feedback system cont. • The databases of OE outside and inside the state exist. • The database of events outside the state contains 149 events altogether analysed by the SNSA experts. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 18 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures The SNSA and its OE feedback system cont. • Statistics giving the overview of the status of the OE analysis conducted by the SNSA expert is available (e. g. applicable). name of the SNSA expert status REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 19 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures The SNSA and its OE feedback system cont. • The NPP periodically reports to the RA about the status of its activities as well as about the status of equipment and systems, e. g. daily reports through e mail, reports of measured radioactivity in different systems. • A database of internal set of indicators for the NPP is established by the SNSA and periodically evaluated. The graphical presentations of indicators enables very quick overview. • In 2005 the SNSA started to collect and analyse “work orders” issued by the plant in order to track in time degradation of equipment, systems or efficiency of the NPP programs e. g. maintenance programs. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 20 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Regulatory procedures OE and USA RA • Event Reporting Guidelines, 10 CFR 50. 72 and 50. 73 • Reactor Operational Experience Results and Databases (NRC) http: //www. nrc. gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience. html Reactor Operational Experience (31 August 2010) Reactor Safety Focus Areas As part of operational experience monitoring, the agency will periodically encounter certain reactor systems or management areas it identifies as focus areas. This section describes focus areas that the agency is reviewing or working to improve and upgrade: • Control Room Habitability • Davis-Besse Reactor Vessel Head Degradation (the same site as already mentioned) • Fire Protection • Fitness-for-Duty Programs • Access Authorization Programs …. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 21 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support Convention on Nuclear Safety • Short descriptions of different approaches of RAs to OE are available also at the IAEA site related to the Convention on Nuclear Safety. • National Reports for the Review Meetings (Fourth Review Meeting April 2008, some reports related to meeting April 2011) http: //www-ns. iaea. org/conventions/nuclear-safety. htm REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 22 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support Conventions • Convention on Nuclear Safety (Article 19) explicitly tackles programmes to collect and analyse operating experiences. The cooperation among different parties involved in safe operation of a nuclear installation is required. • Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994) focuses on nuclear installations. - 66 contracting parties (September 2009) • In addition Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management considers operational experiences in Articles 9 and 16. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 23 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support Databases of events, conferences and meetings • IAEA NEWS databased on INES scale • Conferences An example: International Conference on Operational Safety Experience and Performance of NPPs and Fuel Cycle Facilities 21 -25 June 2010, Vienna, Austria REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 24 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support IAEA documents REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 25 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support IAEA documents cont. • Safety Standards Series, No. NS-R-2, Requirements, Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Operation, 2000 • Safety Standards Series, No. NS-R-1, Requirements, Legal and Governmental Infrastructure for Nuclear, Radiation, Radioactive Waste and Transport Safety, 2000 • Safety Standards Series Safety Guide No. NS-G-2. 11, A System for the Feedback of Experience from Events in Nuclear Installations, 2006 • TECDOC-1477, Trending of low level events and near misses to enhance safety performance in nuclear power plants, 2005 • INSAG, Improving the International System for Operating Experience Feedback, 2008 REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 26 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support IRS - Incident Reporting System • IRS database was the initiative of the OECD/NEA (1978). • The information reported is assessed analysed by the reporting country. • The ultimate objective is reducing the frequency as well as severity of safety significant unusual events at NPPs. • The database is operated by the IAEA. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 27 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support IRS - Incident Reporting System cont. • The IRS is designed to be used by technical experts and the access to the database is restricted. • Today more than 3500 reports exist within the system. • Structure of the database contains nine “categories” regarding specifics of an event e. g. - reporting categories - plant status prior an event - failed/affected systems - failed/affected/components - cause of events. • Each “category” is refined with a list of “subcategories” e. g. unplanned or significant radiation exposure. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 28 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support IRS - Incident Reporting System cont. • The IRS contains also: - analyses of information reported in a specific period of time - topical studies based on the reported events. Analysis of Events Related to Interaction between the Grid and the Nuclear Power Plants (2008) Maintenance Events involving Quality Assurance, Human Factors and Procedural Issues (2007) https: //irs. iaea. org/ REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 29 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) programme • In 1982, the IAEA created the OSART programme. • The teams of experts conduct reviews of operational safety performance at nuclear power plants. • Until October 2009 altogether 153 missions were conducted as well as 93 follow up missions. • The expert team assesses ten “review areas” e. g. maintenance, radiation protection, training. Reviews area No. 6 focuses on the OE. Each area contains “specific topics” related to a specific issues in that area. • The databases of results are available at the IAEA web site or through the IAEA. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 30 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) programme cont. • Good Practices http: //www-ns. iaea. org/reviews/good-practices. htm • Section 6 of 10 of the OSART program focuses on the OE. 6. Operational Experience Feedback 6. 1 Management, Organization and Functions of the OE programme 6. 2 Reporting of Operating Experience 6. 3 Sources of Operating Experience 6. 4 Screening of Operating Experience Information 6. 5 Analysis 6. 6 Corrective Actions 6. 7 Use of Operating Experience 6. 8 Data Base and Trending of Operating Experience 6. 9 Assessments and Indicators of Operating Experience REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 31 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) programme cont. • The OSMIR database with full reports are provided on a CD using MS Access. • Structure of the OSMIR database: - recommendations - suggestions - good practices. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 32 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support IAEA Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS) • The IRRS is a review service designed “to strengthen and enhance the effectiveness of the national regulatory infrastructure of States for nuclear, radiation, radioactive waste and transport safety and security of radioactive sources” (e. g. China, August 2010). • A part of the review is related to OE feedback system. An example of the IRRS recommendations to the RA (2006): “NSD should also assure that the operational experiences are shared among the operators inside the UK and abroad. ” http: //www. hse. gov. uk/nuclear/regulatoryreview • Document Initial Summary of the IRRT and IRRS Missions Made since 1998 in the European Union Member States http: //www. ensreg. eu/ REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 33 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support OECD/NEA • In addition to the IRS the OECD/NEA established several committees related to nuclear and radiation safety. - Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities (CNRA) dedicated a special working group to OE, namely the Working Group on Operating Experiences (WGOE). http: //www. nea. fr/pub/annual-report. html An example: In 2009, the WGOE also considered regulatory activities related to “Forsmark-1 event INES-2 from 2006” and the defence indepth of electrical system and grid interaction (DIDELSYS). * http: //entrac. iaea. org/I-and-C/TM_BETHESDA_2007_06/CD/Presentations/Session%203/Sweden_Ohlson. ppt REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 34 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support EU • Nuclear Safety Directive (2009/71/Euratom) requires a national framework for nuclear safety “taking into account operating experience” in the Article 4. In the Article 6 the reporting to the Commission about its implementation also includes reviewing under the Convention on Nuclear Safety. • Research programs of the EU: - FP 7 EURATOM (2007 -2011) - Joint Research Centre. • The European Commission established European Clearing House for NPP Operational Safety Feedback– CEOF (March 2010). • Quarterly report on NPP events. https: //clearinghouse-oef. jrc. europa. eu/ REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 35 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
International support Forums and organisations • Additional information about OE feedback systems can be found using different international forums e. g. ISOE (Information System on Occupational Exposure (ISOE), Western European Nuclear Regulator's Association (WENRA). • The EU Nuclear Safety Regulators Group (ENSREG) is high-level group. Its role is “to establish the conditions for continuous improvement and to reach a common understanding in the areas of nuclear safety and radioactive waste management”. http: //www. wenra. org/extra/pod/ REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 36 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
Conclusions • The RA should establish its own OE feedback system for events in the state as well as for events outside the state. The role of qualified experts analysing events is of a great importance. • The RA should control the use of operator’s OE feedback system. • The role of the RA regarding OE is to establish the legal basis for establishing a systematic national OE feedback system. • The national system should include operators, TSOs, vendors, RAs, agencies, emergency preparedness team, research and international organisations and others involved taking into account the specifics of OE feedback systems of all parties. • The RA should maintain lessons learned attitude in its own organisation as well as support such attitude in other organisations including lessons from no nuclear fields. REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 37 http: //www. ursjv. gov. si/
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