T Trimpe 2006 http sciencespot net Upcoming

T. Trimpe 2006 http: //sciencespot. net

Upcoming Dates Ø Thursday, 3/10/16: Expo and Fingerprinting Practice/Challenge Ø Monday, 3/14/16: CSI Quiz #1 (chs 1 -5) Ø Wednesday, 3/16/16: Fingerprinting Quiz #1 Ø Friday, 3/18/16: CSI Quiz #2 (chs 6 -10) Ø Note: there is not a test on unit 2 only… the next test will be on units 2 AND 3!

What is a Fingerprint? • Skin has an outer layer (epidermis) which has ridges projecting inward, and an inner layer (dermis) which has projections pressing into the spaces between ridges • A fingerprint is a pattern made by the friction ridges, which is left behind due to sweat and oil that sticks to them. • Fingerprints form during the fetal stage of development. • Pattern based on genetics, detail somewhat random • Identical twins do not have identical fingerprints 3

When/How are Fingerprints Used? • Providing biometric security – Control access to secure areas • Identifying victims – Amnesia victims/unknown deceased (victims of major disasters) • Background checks – Security clearance, weapon permits, government employment • As evidence – Left behind on broken glass/skin/on a safe

Dactyloscopy The study of fingerprints Historically § William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and also as a means of identifying prisoners § Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification § Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry § Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches and whorls. § Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton instituted a numerical classification system § Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 5

Fingerprint Principles According to criminal investigators, fingerprints follow 3 fundamental principles: • A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern. • A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases. • Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

Fingerprint Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below. Arch Plain arch Tented arch Loop Radial Loop Ulnar loop Whorl Plain whorl Central pocket whorl Double loop whorl Accidentical

Interesting Info Fingerprint Factoid: 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls, and 5% have arches Did you know? Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. Police investigators are experts in collecting “dactylograms”, otherwise known as fingerprints.

Fingerprints There are 3 types of fingerprints Visible/Patent – left by dirt, grease, blood, etc. 1. § Does not need processing

Fingerprints There are 3 types of fingerprints Impression/Plastic – indentation in soft material (butter, putty, tar, etc. ) 2. § Does not need processing

Fingerprints There are 3 types of fingerprints 3. Latent – requires processing to make visible and suitable for analysis

Fingerprints How are fingerprints analyzed? Patterns Arch Loop Whorl

Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present. Spike or “tent” Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side. Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center.

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Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones. Delta Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone. Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone. NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

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Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental. Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.

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Whorls – Part 2 Double Loop Whorl Accidental Whorl Delta Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

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bsapp. com

Chinese Folklore A old Chinese folk fingerprint formula for success, or otherwise. . . • In Chinese folklore the patterns on fingerprints were regarded as a sign of personal destiny. • One whorl indicated poverty, but two signified a wealthy future • Three or four whorls meant it would be good time to open a pawnshop. • Five whorls and you're a diplomat • Six whorls for a thief • Seven whorls were bad news - catastrophes looming! • Eight whorls and you will have to subsist on a diet of chaff • Nine whorls with a loop signified early retirement, plenty of food laid on, and a long prosperous life into the bargain! Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 24

Identify each fingerprint pattern. Right Hand Left Hand

Other Prints Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 26

Other Prints Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 27

Other Prints Lips—display several common patterns § § Short vertical lines Short horizontal lines Crosshatching Branching grooves Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 28

Other Prints • The use of lip prints is not yet firmly established in our courts. • Two ways to potentially use lip prints: – 1 - print patterns for identification – 2 - chromatography to match lipstick marks 29

Other Prints The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 30

AFIS § The Automated Fingerprint Identification System - a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints § Began in the early 1970’s to: § Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual § Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene § By the 1990’s most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem - a person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS but not in others § IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification system which is a national database of all 10 -print cards from all over the country Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 31

Biometrics § Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system. ) § Used today in conjunction with AFIS § Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry § Other functions for biometrics—can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 32

“FINGERED” Crazy Criminals A New Jersey resident phoned police after finding her back door slightly ajar with a muddy palm print on the glass. When the officer questioned the woman, it was determined that she had been gardening. When he compared her hand with the lifted print, he had a match!! 33

A Closer Look at Fingerprints Forensic Science Image from ftp: //sequoyah. nist. gov/pub/nist_internal_reports/ir_6534. pdf T. Trimpe 2007 http: //sciencespot. net/

Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification. As we have learned in our first lesson, a fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and valleys on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points, which are points where the ridge structure changes. The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two.

Fingerprint Identification When minutiae on two different prints match, these are called points of similarity or points of identification. At this point there is no international standard for the number of points of identification required for a match between two fingerprints. However, the United Kingdom requires a minimum sixteen points while Australia requires twelve. Fact! A single rolled print may have 100+ identification points. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) AFIS is a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies. Quality latent fingerprints are entered into the AFIS for a search for possible matches against the state maintained databases for fingerprint records to help establish the identity of unknown deceased persons or suspects in a criminal case. http: //www. fdle. state. fl. us/Crime. Lab/images/fingerrint%20 comparison%20 for%20 afis. jpg

Fingerprints Computer software compares the location of these minutiae.

Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 39

Ridge Characteristics Use these characteristics as points of identification when comparing fingerprint samples. The more points you can find in common, the better the match!

Ridge Characteristics Minutiae—characteristics of ridge patterns § § § § § Ridge ending Short ridge Dot or fragment Bifurcation Double bifurcation Trifurcation Bridge Island Enclosure Spur Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 41

Fingerprint Minutiae Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 42

Friday Quiz • #1: CSI Quiz 3 (chapters 11 -15) – 20 questions, 25 minutes to complete • #2: Fingerprint Quiz 2 – Note sets 2 & 3 – 8 matching (image to specific ridge characteristic name) – 8 multiple choice (from both note sets) – Identifying names of selected minutiae points on given print (similar to back side of fingerprint challenge, but you provide names)

Forensic Science

Latent prints are impressions left by friction ridge skin on a surface, such as a tool handle, glass, door, etc. Prints may be collected by revealing them with a dusting of black powder and then lifted with a piece of clear tape. Did you know? Camel hair is the most common animal hair used to make fingerprint brushes. Now many brushes (like the one above) are made out of fiberglass.

Latent Prints § Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible. § Most secretions come from three glands: § Eccrine—largely water with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic compounds (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars). Most important for fingerprints. § Apocrine—secrete pheromones and other organic materials. § Sebaceous—secrete fatty or greasy substances. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 46

Developing Latent Prints § Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions that cause the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print. § Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background. § Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 47

Some investigators use fluorescent powder and UV lights to help them find latent prints on multi-colored or dark surfaces. Magnetic powder can also be used to reveal latent prints. This type of powder works better on shiny surfaces or plastic baggies or containers. The cyanoacrylate fuming method (often called the super glue method) is a procedure that is used to develop latent fingerprints on a variety of objects. Ninhydrin is a chemical that bonds with the amino acids in fingerprints and will produce a blue or purple color. It is used to lift prints from surfaces such as paper and cardboard. Top Left: http: //www. stapletonandassociates. com/images/Mag. Powder. jpg Bottom Left: http: //www. ok. gov/osbi/images/ninhydrin%20 print. jpg Bottom Right: http: //www. forensicsrus. com/images/Superglue. Print. jpg

Developing Latent Prints § Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light. § In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in 1978. Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 49

Iodine Fingerprint Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 50

Ninhydrin Fingerprint Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 51

Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 52