SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman C H A P T E R 2 Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill INFORMATION SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS 資訊系統構件呂克明教授二 ○○五年九月二十八日 1 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Chapter Two Information System Building Blocks • • • Differentiate between front- and back-office (前場與後場作業 ) information systems. Describe the different classes of information system applications (transaction processing, management information, decision support, expert, communication and collaboration, and office automation systems) and how they interoperate to supplement one another. Describe the role of information systems architecture in systems development. Identify three high-level goals that provide system owners and system users with a perspective of an information system. Name three goal-oriented perspectives for any information system. Identify three technologies that provide system designers and builders with a perspective of an information system. Describe four building blocks of the KNOWLEDGE goal (知識目標 ) for an information system. Describe four building blocks of the PROCESS goal (流程目標 ) for an information system. Describe four building blocks of the COMMUNICATIONS goal (通訊目標 ) for an information system. Describe the role of network technologies as it relates to Knowledge, Processes, and Communications building blocks. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 2 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Front- and Back-Office Information Systems • *Front-office information systems (前場資訊系統 ) support business functions that extend out to the organization’s customers (or constituents). – Marketing – Sales – Customer management • *Back-office information systems (後場資訊系統 ) support internal business operations of an organization, aw well as reach out to suppliers (of materials, equipment, supplies, and services). – – Human resources Financial management Manufacturing Inventory control Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 4 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Seven (7) Information System Applications 1. A transaction processing system (交易程序系統 , TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about business transactions. 2. A management information system (管理資訊系統 , MIS) is an information system that provides for management-oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization. 3. A decision support system (決策支援系統 , DSS) is an information system that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or provides information to help make decisions. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 6 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Seven (7) Information System Applications (continued) 4. An Executive Information System (執行資訊系統 , EIS) is an information system designed for top-level managers that integrates data from all over the organization into “at-a-glance” graphical indicators and controls. 5. An expert system (專家系統 ) is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefit of non-experts. 6. A communications and collaboration system (通訊與協同系統 ) is an information system that enables more effective communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate. 7. An office automation system (辦公室自動化系統 ) is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for improved work flow between workers. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 7 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Information Systems Architecture Information systems architecture (資訊系統架構 ) - a unifying framework into which various stakeholders with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information systems. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 9 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Information Systems Architecture (continued) * Three (3) goal-oriented perspectives of an information systems includes: 1. The goal to improve business knowledge. Knowledge is a product of information and data. 2. The goal to improve business processes and services. 3. The goal to improve business communications and people collaboration. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 10 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Information Systems Architecture (continued) * Three (3) system designers’ and builders’ perspectives of an information systems tend to focus more on: 1. The database technologies that support business accumulation and use of business knowledge. 2. The software technologies that automate and support business processes and services. 3. The interface technologies that support business communication and collaboration. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 11 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Focuses for Information Systems Three (3) views represented in the model are: • Knowledge (知識 ) — the raw material used to create useful information. • Process (流程 ) — the activities (including management) that carry out the mission of the business. • Communication (通訊 ) — how the system interfaces with its users and other information systems. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 12 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Views of KNOWLEDGE *There are four (4) views of knowledge: 1. System owners’ view (系統物主的觀點 ) 1. Interested not in raw data but in information that adds new business knowledge and information that help managers make intelligent decisions. 2. Business entities and business rules. 2. System users’ view (系統使用者的觀點 ) 1. View data as something recorded on forms, stored in file cabinets, recorded in books and binders, organized into spreadsheets, or stored in computer files and databases. 2. Tend to focus on the business issues as they pertain to the data. 3. Data requirement – a representation of users’ data in terms of entities, attributes, relationships, and rules independent of data technology. 3. System designers’ view (系統設計者的觀點 ) 1. Data structures, database schemas, fields, indexes, and constraints of particular database management system (DBMS). • System builders’ view (系統建置者的觀點 ) 1. SQL 2. DBMS or other data technologies Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 15 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Views of PROCESS • System owners’ view (系統物主的觀點 ) – Concerned with high-level processes called business functions. – *Business function (企業機能 ) – a group of related processes that support the business. Functions can be decomposed into other subfunctions and eventually into processes that do specific tasks. – A cross-functional information system (跨機能資訊系統 ) – a system that supports relevant business processes from several business functions without regard to traditional organizational boundaries such as divisions, departments, centers, and offices. Continued. . . Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 17 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Views of PROCESS (continued) • System users’ view (系統使用者的觀點 ) – Concerned with work that must be performed to provide the appropriate responses to business events. – *Business processes (企業流程 ) – activities that respond to business events. – Process requirements (流程需求 ) – a user’s expectation of the processing requirements for a business process and its information systems. – Policy (策略 ) – a set of rules that govern a business process. – Procedure (程序 ) – a step-by-step set of instructions and logic for accomplishing a business process. – Work flow ( 作流程 ) – the flow of transactions through business processes to ensure appropriate checks and approvals are implemented. Continued. . . Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 18 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Views of PROCESS (continued) • System designers’ view (系統設計者的觀點 ) – Concerned with which processes to automate and how to automate them – Constrained by limitations of application development technologies being used – Software specifications – the technical design of business processes to be automated or supported by computer programs to be written by system builders. • System builders’ view (系統建置者的觀點 ) – Concerned with programming logic that implements automated processes – Application program – a language-based, machine-readable representation of what a software process is supposed to do, or how a software process is supposed to accomplish its task. – Prototyping – a technique for quickly building a functioning, but incomplete model of the information system using rapid application development tools. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 19 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Views of COMMUNICATION • System owners’ view (系統物主的觀點 ) – Concerned with communications scope of an information system. • Who (which business units, employees, customers, and partners) must interact with the system? • Where are these business units, employees, customers, and partners located? • What other information systems will the system have to interface with? • System users’ view (系統使用者的觀點 ) – Concerned with the information system’s inputs and outputs. Continued. . . Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 21 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Views of COMMUNICATION (continued) • System designers’ view (系統設計者的觀點 ) – Concerned with the technical design of both the user and the system-to-system communication interfaces. – Interface specifications (介面規格書 ) – technical designs that document how system users are to interact with a system and how a system interacts with other systems. – User dialogue (使用者對話 ) – a specification of how the user moves from window to window or page to page, interacting with the application programs to perform useful work. • System builders’ view (系統建置者的觀點 ) – Concerned with the construction, installation, testing and implementation of user and system-to-system interface solutions. – *Middleware (中介軟體 ) – utility software that allows application software and systems software that utilize differing technologies to interoperate. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 22 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Network Technologies and the IS Building Blocks Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 23 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6 th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman Homework (習題 ) • • • Differentiation between front- and back-office information systems. List three (3) goal-oriented perspectives of an information systems. List three (3) technology-oriented perspectives of an information systems. What are four (4) views of knowledge? Differentiate between business functions and business processes. What is middleware (中介軟體 ) ? Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill 24 Copyright © 2004 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved