Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, Fourth Edition Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2

2 Learning Objectives u Explain the purpose and various phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) u Explain when to use an adaptive approach to the SDLC in place of a more predictive traditional SDLC u Explain the differences between a model, a tool, a technique, and a methodology u Describe the two overall approaches used to develop information systems: the traditional method and the object -oriented method Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2

2 Learning Objectives (continued) u Describe some of the variations of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) u Describe the key features of current trends in systems development: the Unified Process (UP), Extreme Programming (XP), Agile Modeling, and Scrum u Explain how automated tools are used in system development Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 3

2 Overview u System development project l l Produces desired result or product l u Planned undertaking with fixed beginning and end Can be a large job with thousands of hours of effort or a small one-month project Successful development project l Provides a detailed plan to follow l Organized, methodical sequence of tasks and activities l Produces reliable, robust, and efficient system Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 4

The Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) u Systems l 2 development life cycle (SDLC) Provides overall framework for managing systems development process u Two main approaches to SDLC l Predictive approach – assumes project can be planned out in advance l Adaptive approach – more flexible, assumes project cannot be planned out in advance u All projects use some variation of SDLC Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 5

Choosing the Predictive vs. Adaptive Approach to the SDLC (Figure 2 -1) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 6

Traditional Predictive Approach to the SDLC 2 u Project planning – initiate, ensure feasibility, plan schedule, obtain approval for project u Analysis – understand business needs and processing requirements u Design – define solution system based on requirements and analysis decisions u Implementation – construct, test, train users, and install new system u Support – keep system running and improve Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 7

2 Information System Development Phases Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 8

2 SDLC and Problem Solving u Similar to problem-solving approach in Chapter 1 l Organization recognizes problem (project planning) l Project team investigates, understands problem and solution requirements (analysis) l Solution is specified in detail (design) l System that solves problem is built and installed (implementation) l System used, maintained, and enhanced to continue to provide intended benefits (support) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 9

2 “Waterfall” Approach to the SDLC Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 10

Modified Waterfall Approach with Overlapping Phases (Figure 2 -5) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 11

2 Newer Adaptive Approaches to the SDLC u Based on spiral model l l Prototype created by end of each cycle l u Project cycles through development activities over and over until project is complete Focuses on mitigating risk Iteration – Work activities are repeated l Each iteration refines previous result l Approach assumes no one gets it right the first time l There a series of mini projects for each iteration Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 12

2 The Spiral Life Cycle Model (Figure 2 -6) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 13

2 Iteration of System Development Activities (Figure 2 -7) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 14

2 Activities of Each SDLC Phase u Predictive u Activities or adaptive approach use SDLC of each “phase” are similar u Phases are not always sequential u Phases can overlap u Activities across phases can be done within an iteration Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 15

2 Activities of Planning Phase of SDLC u Define business problem and scope u Produce detailed project schedule u Confirm project feasibility l Economic, organizational, technical, resource, and schedule u Staff the project (resource management) u Launch project official announcement Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 16

2 Activities of Analysis Phase of SDLC u Gather information to learn problem domain u Define system requirements u Build prototypes for discovery of requirements u Prioritize requirements u Generate u Review and evaluate alternatives recommendations with management Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 17

2 Activities of Design Phase of SDLC u Design and integrate the network u Design the application architecture u Design the user interfaces u Design the system interfaces u Design and integrate the database u Prototype u Design for design details and integrate system controls Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 18

Activities of Implementation Phase of SDLC u Construct u Verify software components and test u Convert u Train 2 data users and document the system u Install the system Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 19

2 Activities of Support Phase of SDLC u Maintain l system Small patches, repairs, and updates u Enhance system l Small upgrades or enhancements to expand system capabilities l Larger enhancements may require separate development project u Support l users Help desk and/or support team Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 20

2 Methodologies and Models u Methodologies l Comprehensive guidelines to follow for completing every SDLC activity l Collection of models, tools, and techniques u Models l Representation of an important aspect of real world, but not same as real thing l Abstraction used to separate out aspect l Diagrams and charts l Project planning and budgeting aids Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 21

Some Models Used in System Development Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 22

2 Tools and Techniques u Tools l Software support that helps create models or other required project components l Range from simple drawing programs to complex CASE tools to project management software u Techniques l Collection of guidelines that help analysts complete a system development activity or task l Can be step-by-step instructions or just general advice Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 23

2 Some Tools Used in System Development Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 24

Some Techniques Used in System Development Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 25

Relationships Among Components of a Methodology Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 26

2 Two Approaches to System Development u Traditional approach l Also called structured system development l Structured analysis and design technique (SADT) l Includes information engineering (IE) u Object-oriented approach l Also called OOA, OOD, and OOP l Views information system as collection of interacting objects that work together to accomplish tasks Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 27

2 Traditional Approach u Structured programming l Improves computer program quality l Allows other programmers to easily read and modify code l Each program module has one beginning and one ending l Three programming constructs (sequence, decision, repetition) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 28

2 Three Structured Programming Constructs Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 29

2 Top-Down Programming u Divides complex programs into hierarchy of modules u The module at top controls execution by “calling” lower level modules u Modular l programming Similar to top-down programming u One program calls other programs to work together as single system Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 30

2 Top-Down or Modular Programming Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 31

2 Structured Design u Technique guidelines developed to provide design l What set of programs should be l What program should accomplish l How programs should be organized into a hierarchy u Modules u Main are shown with structure chart principle of program modules l Loosely coupled – module is independent of other modules l Highly cohesive – module has one clear task Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 32

Structure Chart Created Using Structured Design Technique Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 33

2 Structured Analysis u Define what system needs to do (processing requirements) u Define data system needs to store and use (data requirements) u Define inputs and outputs u Define how functions work together to accomplish tasks u Data flow diagrams (DFD) and entity relationship diagrams (ERD) show results of structured analysis Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 34

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Created Using Structured Analysis Technique (Figure 2 -15) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 35

Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) Created Using Structured Analysis Technique Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 36

Structured Analysis Leads to Structured Design and Structured Programming (Figure 2 -17) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 37

2 Information Engineering (IE) u Refinement to structured development u Methodology with strategic planning, data modeling, automated tools focus u More rigorous and complete than SADT u Industry merged key concepts from structured development and information engineering approaches into traditional approach Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 38

2 Object-Oriented Approach u Completely systems different approach to information u Views information system as collection of interacting objects that work together to accomplish tasks l Objects – things in computer system that can respond to messages l Conceptually, no processes, programs, data entities, or files are defined – just objects u OO languages: Java, C++, C#. NET, VB. NET Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 39

2 Object-Oriented Approach to Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 40

2 Object-Oriented Approach (continued) u Object-oriented analysis (OOA) l l u Defines types of objects users deal with Shows use cases are required to complete tasks Object-oriented design (OOD) l l Shows how objects interact to complete tasks l u Defines object types needed to communicate with people and devices in system Refines each type of object for implementation with specific language of environment Object-oriented programming (OOP) l Writing statements in programming language to define what each type of object does Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 41

Class Diagram Created During OO Analysis Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 42

2 SDLC Variations u Many variations of SDLC in practice l Based on variation of names for phases l No matter which one, activities/tasks are similar u Some increase emphasis on people l User-centered design, participatory design l Sociotechnical systems u Some increase speed of development l Rapid application development (RAD) l Prototyping Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 43

Life Cycles with Different Names for Phases (Figure 2 -20) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 44

2 Current Trends in Development u More adaptive approaches l The Unified Process (UP) l Extreme Programming (XP) l Agile Modeling l Scrum u Details on each in Chapter 16 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 45

2 The Unified Process (UP) u Object-oriented u Offered l development approach by IBM / Rational Booch, Rumbaugh, Jacobson u Unified Modeling Language (UML) used primarily for modeling u UML u UP l can be used with any OO methodology defines four life cycle phases Inception, elaboration, construction, transition Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 46

2 The Unified Process (UP) (continued) u Reinforces six best practices l Develop iteratively l Define and manage system requirements l Use component architectures l Create visual models l Verify quality l Control changes Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 47

2 Extreme Programming (XP) u Recent, lightweight, development approach to keep process simple and efficient u Describes system support needed and required system functionality through informal user stories u Has users describe acceptance tests to demonstrate defined outcomes u Relies on continuous testing and integration, heavy user involvement, programming done by small teams Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 48

2 Agile Modeling u Hybrid of XP and UP (Scott Ambler); has more models than XP, fewer documents than UP u Interactive and Incremental Modeling l l Create several models in parallel l u Apply right models Model in small increments Teamwork l Get active stakeholder participation l Encourage collective ownership l Model with others and display models publicly Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 49

2 Agile Modeling (continued) u Simplicity l Use simple content l Depict models simply l Use simplest modeling tools u Validation l Consider testability l Prove model is right with code Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 50

2 Scrum u For highly adaptive project needs u Respond u Scrum l to situation as rapidly as possible refers to rugby game Both are quick, agile, and self-organizing u Team retains control over project u Values individuals over processes Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 51

2 Tools to Support System Development u Computer-aided system engineering (CASE) l Automated tools to improve the speed and quality of system development work l Contains database of information about system called repository u Upper CASE – support for analysis and design u Lower CASE – support for implementation u ICASE – integrated CASE tools u Now called visual modeling tools, integrated application development tools, and round-trip engineering tools Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 52

CASE Tool Repository Contains All System Information Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 2 53

2 Summary u System development projects are organized around the systems development life cycle (SDLC) u Some projects use a predictive approach to the SDLC, and others use a more adaptive approach to the SDLC u SDLC phases include project planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 54

2 Summary (continued) u In practice, phases overlap, and projects contain many iterations of analysis, design, and implementation u Models, techniques, and tools make up a system development methodology u System development methodology provides guidelines to complete every activity in the SDLC Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 55

2 Summary (continued) u System development methodologies are based on traditional approach or object-oriented approach u Current trends include: Extreme Programming (XP), Unified Process (UP), Agile Modeling, and Scrum u CASE tools are designed to help analysts complete system development tasks Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4 th Edition 56