Syntax The Sentence Patterns of Language Deny A

Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language Deny A. Kwary http: //www. kwary. net Airlangga University

Grammatical vs. Ungrammatical Well-formed or grammatical sentence: a sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax. u Ill-formed or ungrammatical sentence: a sequence of words that violate the rules of syntax u

Grammatical or Ungrammatical: 1. The boy found the ball 2. The boy found quickly 3. The boy found in the house 4. The boy found the ball in the house 5. Disa slept the baby 6. Disa slept soundly Find: Transitive verb (with object) Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object) pp. 119 - 120

Syntactic Categories (1) Lexical categories u Noun (N) u Verb (V) u Adjective (A) u Preposition (P) u Adverb (Adv) Examples u moisture, policy u melt, remain u good, intelligent u to, near u slowly, now

Syntactic Categories (2) Non-lexical categories u Determiner (Det) u Degree word (Deg) u Qualifier (Qual) u Auxiliary (Aux) u Conjunction (Conj) u Complementizer (Comp) Examples u the, this u very, more u always, perhaps u will, can u and, or u that (clause)

Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a. The glass suddenly broke. Det / N / Adv / V b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane. Det / N / V / P / Det / N c. The peaches never appear quite ripe. Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra. N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N

Phrases u u NP : Noun Phrase The car, a clever student VP : Verb Phrase study hard, play the guitar PP : Prepositional Phrase in the class, above the earth AP : Adjective Phrase very tall, quite certain

Phrase Structure Rules u u NP (Det) N (PP) PP P NP The bus (NP) Det N The bus in the yard NP bus Det N PP P NP Det The bus in the N yard

Phrase Structure Rules u u VP V (NP) (PP) S NP (Aux) VP took the money (VP) V NP Det took the money from the bank VP V N NP Det money PP N P NP Det took the money from the N bank

Draw the tree diagram. 1. repaired the telephone 2. the success of the program 3. a film about pollution 4. move towards the window 5. cast a spell on the broomstick

The main structure rules 1. S NP (Aux) VP 2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP) 3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (CP) 4. PP P NP 5. AP Adj (PP) 6. CP Comp S

Example (1) The old tree swayed in the wind S Aux NP Det Adj N VP V PP P NP Det The old tree past swayed in the N wind

Example (2) The children put the toy in the box S NP Det VP N V NP Det PP N P NP Det The children put the toy in the N box

Exercise # 7 a – e p. 167