Synonyms are the words of the same category

Synonyms are the words of the same category of parts of speech convene the same concept, but different in the shades of meaning or in stylistic characteristic.

Semantic criteria Synonyms may be defined as words with the same denotation, but different in connotation.

Denotation Connotations To stare to look steadily, lastingly in surprise, curiosity To glare to look steadily, lastingly in anger, rage, fury To gaze to look steadily, lastingly in tenderness, admiration, wonder To glance to look briefly, in passing To peer to look steadily, lastingly by stealth

Types of Synonyms The only existing classification system for synonyms was established by Academician V. V. Vinogradov, the famous Russian scholar. In his classification system there are three types of synonyms:

ideographic (the words with the same concept but differing in shades of meaning) stylistic (different in stylistic characteristics) absolute (absolutely the same in their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics)

Types of Connotations 1. The connotation of degree or intensity to surprise - to astonish - to amaze - to astound; to shout - to yell - to bellow - to roar; to like - to admire - to love - to adore - to worship. 2. The connotation of duration to stare - to glare - to gaze - to glance - to peep - to peer to shudder (brief) - to shiver (lasting); to say (brief) - to speak, to talk (lasting).

3. Emotive connotations alone - single - lonely – solitary to tremble - to shiver - to shudder - to shake 4. The evaluative connotation well-known - famous - notorious – celebrated to produce - to create - to manufacture - to fabricate 5. The causative connotation to sparkle and to glitter to shiver and to shudder 6. The connotation of manner to like - to admire - to love - to adore - to worship

The dominant synonyms Express something that is common to all synonyms of the group without connotative components. It is used very frequent. It is used in combinations with different words.

Euphemisms There are words in every language which people instinctively avoid because they are considered indecent, indelicate, rude, too direct or impolite. Lavatory - powder room, washroom, restroom, retiring room, (public) comfort station, ladies' (room), gentlemen's (room), water-closet Pregnant: in an interesting condition, in a delicate condition, in the family way, with a baby coming, (big) with child, expecting.

All the euphemisms that have been described so far are used to avoid the so-called social taboos. Their use, as has already been said, is inspired by social convention. Superstitious taboos gave rise to the use of other type of euphemisms. The reluctance to call things by their proper names is also typical of this type of euphemisms, but this time it is based on a deeply-rooted subconscious fear.